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. 2021 Jul 28;22(15):8070. doi: 10.3390/ijms22158070

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of Bifidobacterium species and strains (1 × 10⁸ CFU/mL) on filter-grown Caco-2 TJ permeability. (A) Time-course effect of Bifidobacterium breve, (B) Bifidobacterium longum, and (C) Bifidobacterium bifidum on Caco-2 TER; * p < 0.05 vs. control; **** p < 0.0001 vs. control. (D) Time-course effect of Bifidobacterium bifidum (BB) on Caco-2 mucosal-to-serosal flux of paracellualr marker dextran 10 kDa; **** p < 0.0001 vs. control. (E) Strain BB1 caused a 50–80% increase in Caco-2 TER, BB2 and BB3 strains caused a ~25% increase in Caco-2 TER, but BB4 and BB5 did not enhance Caco-2 TER over the 3-day experimental period; **** p < 0.0001 vs. control; *** p < 0.001 vs. control. ### p < 0.001 vs. BB1. (F) Live BB1, but neither BB1 bacterial supernatant nor heat-killed BB1 caused an increase in filter-grown Caco-2 TER; *** p < 0.001 vs. control; #### p < 0.0001 vs. live BB1; ns: not significant.