Table 3.
List of drugs which targeted SARS- CoV related pathways.
| Therapeutic Category | Mechanism of Action | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autophagy | UPR stress | MPTP | NLRP3 Inflammasome | ||||
| Activator | Modulator | Inhibitor | Suppressor | Modulator | Modulator | Inhibitor | |
| Immunosuppressant | Rapamycin, Tacrolimus, Everolimus [152] | Cyclosporin A [153,154] | |||||
| Anticancer | Rapamycin, Tersirolimus, Everolimus [152], Gefitinib [155], Temozolomide [155] | Bortezomib, Celecoxib [155] | Sunitinib [156] | Thalidomide [157] | |||
| Antidiabetic | Metformin [152] | Pioglitazone [156], Exenatide, Vildagliptin [158], Berberine [159] | Liraglutide [159] | Glyburide [157,160] | |||
| Dietary supplement | Trehalose, Resveratro l [152] | Curcumin [156] | Quercetin [161] | ||||
| Antipsychotic | Lithium [152], Fluspirilene, Trifluperazine, Pimozide [162], Bromperidol, Chlorpromazine [163,164], Sertindole, Olanzapine, Fluphenazine, Methotrimeprazine [165], Prochlorperazine [164] | Clozapine [165] | Haloperidol [166,167,168], Etifoxine [169,170] | ||||
| Antiepileptic | Carbamazepine, Sodium valproate [152] | ||||||
| Antihypertensive | Verapamil, Nimodipine, Nitrendipine [152], Nicardipine, Amidarone [162], Rilmenidine, Clonidine [171], Minoxidil [163] | Isoproterenol [156], Valsartan, Lowsartan, Olmesartan, Telmisartan [158], Guanabenz [172], Bisoprolol, Propranolol, Metoprolol [159] | Ifenprodil [166,167,168], Diazoxide, Nicorandil, Tadalafil, Perhaxiline, Carvedilol [153,154] | ||||
| Antidiarrheal | Loperamide [162] | ||||||
| Ca+ regulator | Calcifediol [171] | ||||||
| Anti-infective | Nitazoxanide [171] | ||||||
| Antidepressant | Nortriptyline [171] | Clomipramine [163] | Trazodone [173] | ||||
| AnticholesteremiC agent | Simvastatin [170] | Atorvastatin [159] | |||||
| Antiemetic | Chlorpromazine [163,164], Prochlorperazine [164] | Haloperidol [166,167,168] | Thalidomide [157] | ||||
| Minercorticoid replacement agent | Fludraocortisone [163,164] | ||||||
| Antitussive | Noscapine [163,164] | Carbetapentane, Dextromethorphan [166,167,168] | |||||
| Anti-allergic | Clemastine [163] | ||||||
| Chelating agent | Defeiprone [174] | ||||||
| Antihelmintic | Niclosamide [175] | Quimacrine [176,177] | |||||
| Skeletal muscle relaxant | Baclofen [178] | ||||||
| Gastrointestinal | Pantoprazole [155] | ||||||
| Macrolide antibiotic | Azithromycin [163] | ||||||
| Ocular drug | Verteporfin [163] | ||||||
| Antiprotozoal drug | Quimacrine [176,177], Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine [171] | ||||||
| Urea cycle disorder agent | Thenylbutyrate [155,156] | ||||||
| Hypolipidemic agent | Pravastatin [156], Fenofibrate [158] | ||||||
| Anti-Alzheimer’s | Donepeziol [166,167,168] | ||||||
| Anti-Parkinsonian | Pramipexole [179] | ||||||
| Neuroprotective agent; anti-ALS drug | Edaravone [153,180] | ||||||
| Anti-arthritic | Anakinra [157] | ||||||
| Anti-inflammatory agent | Celecoxib [155] | Anakinra [157], Tranilast [157,181] | |||||
| Anti-insomia agent | Melatonin [182] | ||||||