Table 2.

Factors affecting developmental arrest.

Factor	Type	Effect	Possible Underlying Infertility Pathophysiology		Screening
Cyclins, Cyclin-dependent kinases and their inhibitors (CCNA2, CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, p27)	Protein expression levels	Embryo	NP		Proteomic analysis
DNMT3B, HDAC1, TET3 and YY1	Gene variation	Embryo	NP		Genetic analysis
ATG5, CUL3, USP11 and USP2	Gene variation	Embryo	NP		Genetic analysis
TERF1, ERCC1 and XRCC6	Gene variation	Embryo	NP		Genetic analysis
BRCA1	Gene variation	Both	POR		Genetic analysis
ITPR1	Gene variation	Maternal	NP		Genetic analysis
4977-bp mtDNA deletion	Copy numbers	Parental	NP		Genetic analysis
HO-1	Gene variation	Parental	NP		Genetic analysis
H19DMR	ICRs	Parental	NP		Transcriptomic analysis
Nanog and Oct4 transcription factors	Protein expression levels	Embryo	NP		Methylome analysis
piRNA	sncRNA	Embryo	NP		Transcriptomic analysis
miRNA mainly of the let-7 family	sncRNA	Both	In females, miRNAs have been associated with endometriosis		Transcriptomic analysis
			In males, miRNAs have been associated with azoospermia and asthenozoospermia
Aneuploidy, mosaicism	Chromosomal abnormalities	Embryo	Advanced maternal age		Genetic analysis
Caspase-3	Protein expression levels	Both	sperm DNA fragmentation		Proteomic analysis
IL-6	Protein expression levels	Embryo	NP		Proteomic analysis
HRG	Protein expression levels	Embryo	NP		Proteomic analysis
HDL and ApoA1	Protein expression levels	Embryo	NP		Proteomic analysis
ABCC8	Gene expression levels	Embryo	NP		Transcriptomic analysis
UBR4	Gene expression levels	Embryo	NP		Transcriptomic analysis
HERC2	Gene expression levels	Embryo	NP		Transcriptomic analysis
EMMPRIN	Gene expression levels	Embryo	NP		Transcriptomic analysis
Oxygen consumption	Metabolic biomarker	Embryo	NP		Metabolomic analysis
ROS	Metabolic biomarker	Both	ROS in the follicular fluid is related to poor oocyte quality and fertilization failure.		Metabolomic analysis
			Seminal ROS levels are associated with sperm DNA fragmentation.
PADI6	Gene variation	Maternal	oocyte activation failure		Genetic analysis in parents
TUBB8	Gene variation	Both	oocyte meiotic spindle assembly		Genetic analysis in parents
NLRP7, TLE6, KHDC3, OOEP	Gene variation	Maternal	Formation of subcortical maternal complex		Genetic analysis
NRLP5	Gene variation	Maternal	Primary infertility		Genetic analysis
PATL2	Gene variation	Maternal	NP		Genetic analysis
ZAR1	Gene variation	Both	Affects MZT		Genetic analysis
REC114	Protein expression levels	Maternal	NP		Proteomic analysis in parents
IGF-1, -2 and their respective receptors	Protein or mRNA expression levels	Maternal	POR		Proteomic or transcriptomic analysis in parents
IGFBPs, and PAPP-A	Protein expression levels	Maternal	NP		Proteomic analysis in parents
FSH, LH and their receptors	Gene variation or Expression levels	Parental	In females: follicular growth	In males: DNA fragmentation, azoospermia	Genetic or Proteomic analysis in parents
Activin a	Protein expression levels	Parental	Follicular growth		Proteomic analysis in parents
WNT4	Gene variation	Maternal	Endometriosis		Genetic analysis in parents
FMR1, GDF-9 and NOBOX	Gene variation	Maternal	POR		Genetic analysis in parents
BMP-15	Gene variation	Both	POR and follicular growth		Genetic analysis in parents
PAWP	Protein expression levels	Paternal	Oocyte activation		Proteomic analysis in parents
AZF	Gene variation	Paternal	Azoospermia, oligozoospermia and oligoasthenoteratzoospermia		Genetic analysis in parents
DPY19L2, SPATA16, PICK1 and GGN	Gene variation	Paternal	Globozoospermia		Genetic analysis in parents

NP: Not provided; Both: Affecting both the embryo and at least one parent.