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. 2021 Jul 29;22(15):8145. doi: 10.3390/ijms22158145

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Molecular mechanism of microbiota-metabolites in preterm birth. Signaling of PAMPs and DAMPs derived from gut microbiota and dietary molecules have activated TLRs in PTB. The blue and gray colors refer to carbohydrates, the red color refers to proteins, the yellow color refers to lipids, and the green color refers to vitamins. From dark color to light color indicate metabolites forms and their generated inflammatory markers. PAMPs: Ppathogen-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs: Damage-associated molecular patterns; VD: Vitamin D; 25D: 25-hydroxy vitamin D; 1,25(OH)2D3: 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. TMA: Trimethylamine, TMAO: Trimethylamine N-oxide; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; PGs: Prostaglandins. TLRs: Toll like receptors. Dashed lines indicate several steps, ↓ decreased, ↑ increased level.