Table 3.
Raw data and statistics of functional and motor strength and neurophysiological assessment during 100% or 50% of hand grip strength during hand training combined with the 90% of electrical stimulus intensity for eEmc.
| Time | 80% | 90% | 110% | F (DFn, DFd) | p Value | η2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BBT (blocks number) | Pre | 74.1 ± 3.0 | 72.8 ± 3.1 | 71.2 ± 2.7 | Ftime (2, 16) = 17.32 | <0.0001 | 0.033 |
| Post | 74.6 ± 3.1 | 75.7 ± 3.5 | 74.4 ± 2.9 | Finterven. (2, 16) = 0.16 | 0.855 | 0.002 | |
| Foll. | 74.6 ± 3.2 | 77.4 ± 3.4 | 78.0 ± 2.7 | Finterac. (4, 32) = 3.49 | 0.018 | 0.014 | |
| MVC Grip Force (kg) | Pre | 37.8 ± 8.3 | 31.3 ± 11.3 | 36.9 ± 7.6 | Ftime (2, 16) = 5.87 | 0.012 | 0.002 |
| Post | 35.1 ± 7.6 | 32.7 ± 11.0 | 35.5 ± 8.7 | Finterven. (2, 16) = 3.59 | 0.052 | 0.040 | |
| Foll. | 35.8 ± 9.2 | 33.6 ± 9.8 | 36.4 ± 7.5 | Finterac. (4, 32) = 2.71 | 0.048 | 0.009 | |
| F wave Persistency | Pre | 65.4 ± 7.9 | 48.8 ± 9.1 | 71.5 ± 6.5 | Ftime (2, 16) = 0.33 | 0.725 | 0.002 |
| Post | 59.3 ± 8.5 | 60.2 ± 8.2 | 59.7 ± 8.0 | Finterven. (2, 16) = 3.33 | 0.062 | 0.019 | |
| Foll. | 59.9 ± 9.5 | 57.9 ± 9.2 | 60.2 ± 10.1 | Finterac. (4, 32) = 2.92 | 0.031 | 0.031 | |
| Mmax wave (microV) | Pre | 13,296.3 ± 1754.9 | 16,829.0 ± 1863.2 | 16,844.5 ± 1204.9 | Ftime (2, 16) = 1.77 | 0.202 | 0.018 |
| Post | 12,752.8 ± 1427.5 | 15,485.3 ± 1937.6 | 16,234.6 ± 1579.3 | Finterven. (2, 16) = 4.85 | 0.023 | 0.119 | |
| Foll. | 13,697.6 ± 1726.9 | 17,153.6 ± 1889.8 | 18,452.1 ± 970.3 | Finterac. (4, 32) = 0.29 | 0.882 | 0.003 | |
| Ratio Fmax/Mmax | Pre | 5.5 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.6 | Ftime (1.92, 15.33) = 0.15 | 0.851 | 0.001 |
| Post | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | Finterven. (1.38, 11.03) = 0.55 | 0.530 | 0.008 | |
| Foll. | 4.2 ± 0.6 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | Finterac. (1.83, 14.64) = 1.93 | 0.082 | 0.069 | |
| RMT TMS | Pre | 38.7 ± 2.3 | 39.1 ± 2.6 | 39.1 ± 2.0 | Ftime (1.85, 14.81) = 1.46 | 0.263 | 0.002 |
| Post | 37.8 ± 2.4 | 37.8 ± 2.4 | 39.3 ± 2.5 | Finterven. (1.89, 15.14) = 0.21 | 0.805 | 0.002 | |
| Foll. | 38.2 ± 2.4 | 39.1 ± 2.6 | 38.4 ± 2.0 | Finterac. (1.91, 15.31) = 1.46 | 0.263 | 0.003 | |
| SICI in APB (%) | Pre | 13.1 ± 3.7 | 13.8 ± 2.9 | 8.3 ± 1.2 | Ftime (1.13, 9.05) = 0.93 | 0.374 | 0.021 |
| Post | 10.8 ± 2.6 | 12.4 ± 4.2 | 7.1 ± 2.6 | Finterven. (1.51, 12.07) = 0.14 | 0.816 | 0.003 | |
| Follow | 13.2 ± 4.2 | 16.7 ± 4.7 | 11.2 ± 4.1 | Finterac. (1.90, 15.21) = 0.34 | 0.708 | 0.010 | |
| Cortical MEP at 120% RMT in APB (mV) | Pre | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | Ftime (2, 16) = 3.43 | 0.058 | 0.091 |
| Post | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | Finterven. (2, 16) = 5.25 | 0.018 | 0.056 | |
| Foll. | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | Finterac. (4, 32) = 4.99 | 0.003 | 0.113 | |
| Stimulus Intensity | 80% | 90% | 110% | ||||
| TMS recruitment: diff post-pre (mV) | 0.9 | −0.002 ± 0.08 | 0.08 ± 0.11 | 0.04 ± 0.08 | Fintensity (6, 48) = 10.69 Finterven. (2, 16) = 0.74 Finterac. (12, 96) = 2.17 |
<0.001 0.491 0.019 |
0.121 0.030 0.079 |
| 1 | 0.06 ± 0.20 | 0.13 ± 0.37 | −0.04 ± 0.47 | ||||
| 1.1 | −0.08 ± 0.68 | 0.14 ± 0.80 | 0.16 ± 0.77 | ||||
| 1.2 | 0.004 ± 0.71 | 0.37 ± 1.20 | 0.68 ± 1.14 | ||||
| 1.3 | 0.62 ± 0.96 | 0.07 ± 1.02 | 0.12 ± 1.00 | ||||
| 1.4 | 0.124 ± 0.90 | 0.91 ± 1.21 | 1.03 ± 0.71 | ||||
| 1.5 | 0.14 ± 0.77 | 1.17 ± 1.48 | 1.34 ± 0.64 | ||||
| TMS recruitment: diff foll-pre (mV) | 0.9 | −0.01 ± 0.06 | −0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.09 | Fintensity (6, 48) = 4.09 Finterven. (2, 16) = 3.61 Finterac. (12, 96) = 3.73 |
0.002 0.051 <0.001 |
0.078 0.102 0.109 |
| 1 | 0.05 ± 0.28 | −0.01 ± 0.25 | 0.17 ± 0.80 | ||||
| 1.1 | −0.16 ± 0.46 | −0.10 ± 0.43 | 0.43 ± 1.18 | ||||
| 1.2 | 0.17 ± 0.61 | 0.20 ± 0.59 | 0.88 ± 1.15 | ||||
| 1.3 | −0.20 ± 0.66 | 0.39 ± 0.65 | −0.01 ± 1.03 | ||||
| 1.4 | 0.13 ± 1.14 | 0.34 ± 0.72 | 1.24 ± 0.70 | ||||
| 1.5 | −0.47 ± 0.88 | 0.76 ± 0.63 | 1.05 ± 0.57 | ||||
| C3-C4 recruitment: diff post-pre (mV) | 0.9 | 0.02 ± 0.07 | −0.004 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | Fintensity (6, 48) = 0.96 Finterven. (2, 16) = 0.99 Finterac. (12, 96) = 1.69 |
0.460 0.395 0.081 |
0.023 0.057 0.037 |
| 1 | 0.01 ± 0.09 | −0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.05 | ||||
| 1.1 | 0.01 ± 0.04 | −0.03 ± 0.11 | 0.001 ± 0.03 | ||||
| 1.2 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | −0.04 ± 0.11 | 0.004 ± 0.02 | ||||
| 1.3 | −0.03 ± 0.09 | −0.04 ± 0.11 | −0.01 ± 0.03 | ||||
| 1.4 | 0.03 ± 0.09 | −0.06 ± 0.11 | 0.01 ± 0.04 | ||||
| 1.5 | 0.04 ± 0.10 | −0.003 ± 0.09 | −0.02 ± 0.04 | ||||
| C3-C4 recruitment: diff foll-pre (mV) | 0.9 | 0.03 ± 0.09 | 0.02 ± 0.05 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | Fintensity (6, 48) = 0.31 Finterven. (2, 16) = 0.78 Finterac. (12, 96) = 1.10 |
0.929 0.474 0.373 |
0.008 0.036 0.035 |
| 1 | 0.02 ± 0.09 | −0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.10 | ||||
| 1.1 | 0.01 ± 0.05 | −0.002 ± 0.11 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | ||||
| 1.2 | 0.02 ± 0.05 | 0.004 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | ||||
| 1.3 | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.001 ± 0.03 | ||||
| 1.4 | 0.04 ± 0.08 | −0.01 ± 0.05 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | ||||
| 1.5 | 0.06 ± 0.08 | 0.001 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | ||||
| C6-C7 recruitment: diff post-pre (mV) | 0.9 | 0.003 ± 0.03 | −0.001 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | Fintensity (6, 48) = 2.14 Finterven. (2, 16) = 0.67 Finterac. (12, 96) = 0.51 |
0.066 0.525 0.906 |
0.041 0.023 0.023 |
| 1 | −0.001 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.10 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | ||||
| 1.1 | 0.004 ± 0.02 | −0.01 ± 0.05 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | ||||
| 1.2 | −0.03 ± 0.09 | −0.01 ± 0.06 | −0.01 ± 0.03 | ||||
| 1.3 | −0.04 ± 0.11 | −0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.001 ± 0.05 | ||||
| 1.4 | −0.03 ± 0.08 | −0.01 ± 0.05 | −0.004 ± 0.05 | ||||
| 1.5 | −0.02 ± 0.12 | 0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.06 | ||||
| C6-C7 recruitment: diff foll-pre (mV) | 0.9 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | −0.004 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | Fintensity (6, 48) = 0.40 Finterven. (2, 16) = 0.16 Finterac. (12, 96) = 0.72 |
0.878 0.850 0.725 |
0.010 0.005 0.039 |
| 1 | −0.0004 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.09 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | ||||
| 1.1 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | −0.001 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | ||||
| 1.2 | −0.02 ± 0.10 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.003 ± 0.03 | ||||
| 1.3 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | −0.02 ± 0.08 | ||||
| 1.4 | 0.01 ± 0.09 | 0.004 ± 0.03 | 0.004 ± 0.04 | ||||
| 1.5 | −0.01 ± 0.14 | 0.002 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.06 | ||||
diff post-pre: differences between post-pre evaluation; diff foll-pre: differences between baseline-follow up evaluation.