Table 2.

Effects of celastrol in Cerebral Ischemia, Ischemic Stroke, and Traumatic Brain Injury.

Pathological Condition	In Vitro/In Vivo	Celastrol Effects	Doses or IC50	References
Cerebral Ischemia and Ischemic Stroke	In vitro - Co-cultures of neurons and microglial cells, as well as neuron cultures, with or without 3 h-lasting oxygen glucose deprivation	- Protection against neuronal cell death caused by oxygen glucose deprivation in neuron-microglia co-cultures but not in neuronal cultures - Induction of M2 microglia phenotype development	0.5 and 1 μM	[65]
	In vivo - Murine model of middle cerebral artery occlusion	- Reduction of the infarct volume - Prevention of neuronal death - Protection against cerebral ischemia-induced neurological dysfunction - Improvement of sensorimotor functions - Promotion of M2 microglia polarization	1 mg/kg i.p.
	In vivo - Murine model of middle cerebral artery occlusion	- Reduction of brain water content - Reduction of p-JNK, p-c-Jun and NF-κB expression	2–3 mg/kg i.p.	[66]
	In vivo - Rabbit model of carotid atherosclerosis	- Decrease of both plaque and arterial wall cross-section areas - Decrease of VEGF expression.	1 mg/kg/day and 3.5 mL/kg/day gavage	[67]
Traumatic brain injury	In vivo - TBI mouse model	- Improvement of TBI-induced neuronal death and behavioral alterations	1 mg/kg i.p.	[68,69]