Table 3.

Quaternized chitosan-embedded nanofibers in diverse biomedical arena.

Components	Purpose	Research Outcomes	References
HTCC and PVA	Retention of non-enveloped virus on the highly charged HTCC/PVA nanofibers.	Nano-scaled HTCC/PVA nanofibers (100–200 nm) were developed, having the potential to adsorb mammalian virus porcine parvovirus (95%). The developed system followed Freundlich isotherm and showed fast adsorption kinetics (pseudo first order), which suggested the formation of efficient filter material for the purification of water	[110]
Doxorubicin, poly (L-lactide-coD, L-lactide) and QCh	Doxorubicin embedded poly (L-lactide-coD, L-lactide) mats were modified with QCh to enhance anti-proliferative activity.	Developed mats were evaluated against human breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7) and exhibited reduced cell viability and amplified antiproliferative activity. Fluorescent microscopy revealed that the presence of QCh induced apoptosis, which was the primary mechanism of MCF-7 cell death.	[111]
2,3-Epoxy-propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride	QCh fibres were designed using 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl. Ammonium chloride following ring open reaction to modify antibacterial and liquid absorption capacity.	Outcomes revealed excellent water retention capacity, modified swelling index and mechanical strength compared to bare chitosan. Superior antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus and lower cytotoxicity suggested its vital role in fabricating wound dressing materials.	[112]
Poly (lactic acid), QCh	Stereo complex crystallite (SC) membrane containing poly (lactic acid) QCh were employed to design disinfectant wound dressing material.	The enhanced thermal and mechanical properties of developed SC membrane owing to restricted mobility of lactide chains. They have better wound healing capacity (100% in 15 days). This biomass-based membrane was multifunctional as it has antioxidant, antibacterial and wound healing efficacy.	[113]
Silica coated poly (vinylidene) fluoride and QCh	High-performance anion exchange silica-coated (vinylidene) fluoride along with QCh nanofibrous membrane were designed.	The surface of silica-coated poly (vinylidene) fluoride was grafted with quaternized chitosan to pursue dual action, i.e., ion exchange and strong reinforcement substrate. QCh-impregnated nanofibers showed superb mechanical strength (11.9Mpa). Adorned positive charges created channel-like ion transport channels that could efficiently serve as anion exchange membrane.	[114]