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. 2021 Jul 26;22(15):7967. doi: 10.3390/ijms22157967

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Scheme illustrating “two motors—one spring” model for probing of forces that drive displacements of the PM-smACSK out from or into the cell. (A–C): a force of F-actin protrusion drives the PM-smACSK out of the cell in order to probe the HP_out that in case of cell shrinkage drives the PM-smACSK into the cell. (B): A mechanosensitive signaling protein (green diamond) experiences compression that either activates or inhibits it. (C,D): After depolymerization of the protrusive actin filaments, the PM-smACSK restores its planar shape. (D–F): NMMII pulls the PM-smACSK into the cell and thus probes the increase in HP_in in case of cell swelling. (E): A mechanosensitive protein experiences distention that either activates or inhibits it. (F–A): NMMII is relaxed and the PM-smACSK spring restores its planar shape.