Figure 8.

Calculated results for an air bubble in liquid water at 20 °C irradiated by an ultrasonic wave of 20 kHz and 5 bar in frequency and pressure amplitude, respectively [33]. The ambient bubble radius is 5 μm. (a) The radius-time curve for one acoustic cycle. A bubble disintegrates into daughter bubbles by shape instability at t = 152.7 μs which is out of this figure. (b) The temperature inside a bubble and the bubble radius as a function of time at around the end of the bubble collapse only for 0.1 μs. (c) Numbers of molecules of various species inside a bubble as a function of time with the same time axis as that of (b). The vertical axis is in logarithmic scale. Copyright 2005, with the permission from Elsevier.