Table 1.

Summary of the most important biological actions of the plant.

Part of the plant	The active extract, fraction or pure compund	The biological effect or action	Mechanism of action or target	Reference
Roots	Ethanol extract and its purified persicaline compound.	Antioxidant.	Not identified.	(Farag et al., 2018).
Roots.	Benzyl isothiocyante and its hydroxyl and methoxy derivatives	Antimicrobial	Suppress the bacterial redox system by damaging the membrane potential.	(Abd El Kader et al., 2017c).
Fruits	Fruits extract	Antimicrobial activity for Streptococcus mutans.	Inhibits cariogenic bacteria growth and acid production.	(Al Bratty et al., 2020).
Roots	Essential oils	Antimicrobial comparable to that of chlorhexidine digluconate.	Inhibits cariogenic bacteria growth and acid production.	(Khan et al., 2020).
Not specified.	Apigenin, luteolin, astragalin and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside from alcoholic extract.	Anti-MRSA [Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus].	Not identified	(Ghoneim et al., 2019).
Twigs	Methanol extract.	Wound healing effect.	By antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.	(Tatke et al., 2017)
Roots	Aqueous extract.	Antiprotozoal activity.	Not identified.	(El-Bali et al., 2020).
Leaves	Ethyl acetate extract.	Anti-inflammatory.	May be due to high concentration of flavonoids.	(Rajesh et al., 2010).
Sticks	crude ethanol extract and its ethyl acetate fraction.	Anti-inflammatory.	May be due to high concentration of flavonoids.	(Ibrahim et al., 2011b).
Roots	Crude hydro-alcholic extract	Analgesic activity.	Not identified.	(Hooda and Pal, 2017).
Twigs	a lyophilized decoction	Antiulcer	Not identified.	(Sanogo et al., 1999).
Stems	a lyophilized decoction	Antiulcer	Not identified.	(Monforte et al., 2001).
Stems	Total extract	Antidepressant	Not identified.	(Monforte et al., 2002).
Roots	Aqueous extract.	Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic.	Not identified.	(Khan et al., 2014).
Twigs	Powder.	Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic.	Not identified.	(El Rabey et al., 2017).
Leaves	Aqueous extract.	Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic.	Not identified.	(Haddad El Rabey et al., 2018).
Fruits	Ethanol extract.	Anticancer.	Cytotoxic effect.	(Al Bratty et al., 2020).
Bark	Petroleum ether extract	Anticancer	Cytotoxic effect.	(Ibrahim et al., 2011a).
The aerial parts	Aqueous extract	May help against COVID-19	COVID-19 main protease inhibitor.	(Owis et al., 2020).