Table 1.
Baseline, procedural, and echocardiographical characteristics.
| PP-MG < 20 mmHg without DIMG (Control) n = 2078 | PP-MG < 20 mmHg with DIMG (Group 1) n = 131 | PP-MG ≥ 20 mmHg (Group 2) n = 144 |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 82.6 ± 7.2 | 82.2 ± 6.9 | 80.5 ± 9.3 | 0.038 |
| Male sex | 1033/2078 (49.7%) | 66/131 (50.4%) | 69/144 (47.9%) | 0.903 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.21 ± 5.00 | 26.44 ± 4.93 | 26.66 ± 5.72 | 0.752 |
| NYHA, III or IV | 1559/2078 (75.0%) | 84/131 (64.1%) | 104/144 (72.2%) | |
| Syncope | 141/2071 (6.8%) | 8/131 (6.1%) | 10/142 (7.0%) | 0.946 |
| Angina | 347/2071 (16.8%) | 14/131 (10.7%) | 21/142 (14.8%) | 0.167 |
| Hypertension | 1439/2071 (69.5%) | 78/131 (59.9%) | 113/142 (79.6%) | 0.020 |
| Diabetes | 533/2071 (25.7%) | 29/131 (22.1%) | 29/142 (20.4%) | 0.261 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 1023/2071 (49.4%) | 55/131 (42%) | 83/142 (58.5%) | 0.023 |
| Active smoking | 67/2071 (3.2%) | 1/131 (0.8%) | 7/142 (4.9%) | 0.126 |
| Coronary artery disease | 958/2029 (47.2%) | 56/129 (43.4%) | 55/138 (39.9%) | 0.187 |
| Previous CABG | 386/2071 (18.6%) | 26/131 (19.8%) | 24/142 (16.9%) | 0.816 |
| COPB | 497/2071 (24.0%) | 32/131 (24.4%) | 33/142 (23.2%) | 0.972 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 393/2071 (19.0%) | 16/131 (12.2%) | 27/142 (19.0%) | 0.154 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 205/2071 (9.9%) | 13/131 (9.9%) | 8/142 (5.6%) | 0.248 |
| Renal dialysis | 40/2071 (1.9%) | 2/131 (1.5%) | 4/142 (2.8%) | 0.679 |
| Logistic EuroSCORE (%) | 20.77 ± 13.28 | 20.48 ± 13.26 | 17.37 ± 11.34 | 0.017 |
| STS score (%) | 13.25 ± 10.98 | 15.52 ± 13.62 | 9.99 ± 9.77 | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 478/2047 (23.2%) | 35/131 (26.9%) | 30/144 (21%) | 0.499 |
| Permanent pacemaker | 274/2075 (13.2%) | 21/131 (16%) | 13/143 (9.1%) | 0.220 |
| Echocardiographic findings | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 53.6 ± 13.9 | 56.3 ± 14.8 | 57.0 ± 11.9 | 0.003 |
| Mean AVG (mmHg) | 48.57 ± 15.92 | 50.64 ± 17.11 | 55.64 ± 18.62 | <0.001 |
| Indexed AVA (cm2/m2) | 0.396 ± 0.160 | 0.418 ± 0.219 | 0.380 ± 0.109 | 0.208 |
| PH (sPAP > 60 mmHg) | 295/1626 (18.1%) | 18/95 (18.9%) | 19/115 (16.5%) | 0.886 |
| Aortic regurgitation ≥ 2 | 363/1969 (18.4%) | 29/123 (23.6%) | 39/138 (28.3%) | 0.009 |
| Approach site | NA | |||
| Transfemoral | 1595/2067 (77.2%) | 95/130 (73.1%) | 112/143 (78.3%) | |
| Transapical | 316/2067 (15.3%) | 26/130 (20.0%) | 20/143 (14.0%) | |
| Transaortic or subclavian | 119/2067 (5.8%) | 6/130 (4.6%) | 9/143 (6.3%) | |
| Type of prosthesis | ||||
| Edwards | 1424/2077 (68.6%) | 97/131 (74.0%) | 94/143 (65.7%) | 0.310 |
| CoreValve | 653/2077 (31.4%) | 34/131 (26.0%) | 49/143 (34.3%) | |
| Prosthesis size | ||||
| ≤23 mm | 613/2077 (29.5%) | 48/131 (36.6%) | 65/143 (45.5%) | <0.001 |
| >23 mm | 1464/2077 (70.5%) | 83/131 (63.4%) | 78/143 (54.5%) | |
| Previous AVR surgery | 20/2071 (1.0%) | 9/131 (6.9%) | 15/142 (10.6%) | <0.001 |
| Preoperative treatment | ||||
| Aspirin | 1224/2071 (59.1%) | 67/131 (51.1%) | 83/142 (58.5%) | 0.200 |
| Clopidogrel | 634/2071 (30.6%) | 32/131 (24.4%) | 42/144 (29.6%) | 0.322 |
| VKA | 493/2071 (23.8%) | 24/131 (18.3%) | 29/144 (20.4%) | 0.250 |
| Discharge echocardiographic findings | ||||
| LEVF (%) | 56.0 ± 12.3 | 57.1 ± 12.3 | 58.9 ± 11.6 | |
| Mean AVG (mmHg) | 10.0 ± 3.4 | 8.7 ± 3.2 | 24.7 ± 7.3 | <0.001 |
| Indexed AVA (cm2/m2) | 1.054 ± 0.299 | 1.076 ± 0.256 | 0.824 ± 0.286 | |
| Post-procedural AR ≥ 2 | 293/2017 (14.5%) | 15/124 (12.1%) | 25/139 (18.0%) | 0.385 |
AR: aortic regurgitation; AVA: aortic valve area; AVG: Aortic valve gradient; COPB: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; DIMG: delayed increase in mean gradient; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PP-MG: post-procedural mean gradient; PH: pulmonary hypertension; STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons; sPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; VKA: vitamin K antagonist. Values are mean ± SD or % unless otherwise specified.