Table 1.
Characteristics of monocyte and macrophage polarization in humans.
| Macrophages | Classically Activated (M1) |
Alternatively Activated (M2) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M2a | M2b | M2c | ||
| Mediators of polarization |
LPS, IFNγ, TNFα, GM-CSF | IL-4, IL-13 | ICs + TLR/IL-1β | IL-10, TGFβ, steroid |
| Surface markers | CD68, CD80, CD86, IL-1R, TLR2, TLR4, iNOs, IFNγR, MHC-IIhigh | CD200R, CD206/MMR, IL-1RII, Dectin-1, MHC-IIlow | CD86, MHC-IIlow | CD163, TLR1, TLR8 |
| Transcription factors and cellular markers |
NFκB, STAT1, STAT5, IRF3, IRF5 | IRF4, PPARγ, STAT6 | IRF4, SOCS3 | IRF4, SOCS3 |
| Produced cytokines |
IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, TNFα, M-CSF | IL-10, TGFβ, IL-1Ra |
IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNFα | IL-10, TGFβ |
| Produced chemokines |
CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 | CCL17, CCL18, CCL22, CCL24 | CCL1, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3 | CCL16, CCL18 |
| Features | Proinflammatory, microbicidal, and tumoricidal | endocytic activity, tissue remodeling, and repair | immunoregulation | immunoregulation |