Table 4.
Examples of biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs).
| Shape/Size | Activity Assay/ Control |
Biological Material |
Effective Molecules |
Preparation of Extract | Bio-Synthesis of NPs | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Silver (Ag) NPs, Absorbance at 430–450 nm | ||||||
| spherical 410–450 nm | DPPH/ ascorbic acid |
Lantana camara L. | terpenes | Powder (10 gm) of dried leaves was extracted with petroleum ether (30 mL) at RT for 6 h with shaking. It was treated with 30 mL of warm 10% aqueous KOH, shaken and two layers were separated. The petroleum ether layer was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. | One milliliter of concentrated extract was added to 6 mL of 1 mM AgNO3 at RT, and kept in the dark for 24 h. The slurry was dried under vacuum. | [392] |
| spherical 5–38 nm | DPPH/ ascorbic acid | Costus afer | Carbohydrates flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, organic acids |
Fresh leaves were air-dried. Two grams of the powder was macerated with 150 mL DW and heated at 90 °C for 1 h. | Eighty milliliters of filtered extract was mixed with 400 mL of 1 mM AgNO3. The mixture was stirred at 90 °C for 120 min. | [393] |
| spherical 5–30 nm |
ABTS, DPPH, NO f.r.s.a. |
Taraxacum
officinale |
flavonoids, primary aromatic amines, terpenoids, triterpenes |
The dried leaves were powdered and sieved. Five grams of powder was added to 50 mL of DW and boiled at 60 °C for 15 min, followed by cooling and filtration. | The extract was mixed with AgNO3 (1 mM) with a 1:5 ratio for 15 min. at pH 6.0, at RT. | [394] |
| spherical 12–40 nm. |
DPPH, ABTS, O2●−, NO• f.r.s.a. | Morus alba | carbohydratesproteins, secondary metabolites | Ten grams of the chopped leaves were refluxed with 100 mL DDW for 60 min. The product was filtered and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 min. | Ten milliliters of extract was mixed with 90 mL AgNO3 solution with stirring for 10 min. | [395] |
| spherical 50–60 nm | DPPH/BHT | Thymus kotschyanus | phenolic, flavonoid compounds | The plant was washed, dried at 25 °C, powdered with mortar. Two grams of powder was added to 300 mL of boiling water and kept for 30 min. The obtained extract was filtered. | The extract (10 mL) was mixed with 100 mL of 1 m M aqueous solution of AgNO3 at RT and stirred for 30 min in a dark place. | [396] |
| spherical 5–45 nm |
DPPH, H2O2, OH•, O2●− f.r.s.a. | Cestrum nocturnum | phenolic compounds, amines, amides, aldehydes, nitriles, flavonoids, tannins | The leaves were dried and powdered. Eight grams of powder was added to 100 mL DI and heated at 70 °C for 2 h. The extract was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min followed the filtration. | Twenty milliliters extract was stirred with 180 mL 1 mM AgNO3 solution for 5 min at RT. | [397] |
| spherical 5–50 nm |
DPPH, FRAP, TAC/ascorbic acid | Streptomyces naganishii (MA7) | Proteins, enzymes | The strain was inoculated into 50 mL of ISP 2. The mycelium was centrifugated at 5000 rpm for 30 min. | Five grams of wet biomass was exposed to 50 mL of 1 mM AgNO3. The mixture was incubated for 28 °C at 120 rpm, and then ultracentrifugation. | [398] |
| variables 150–250 nm |
DPPH, FRAP, TAC |
Parmeliopsis ambigua, Punctelia subrudecta Evernia mesomorpha, Xanthoparmelia plitti mycelia mats |
polyphenols, native proteins | The cultures were inoculated on MYE. The plates were incubated at 28 °C. After 7–10 days, the isolated mycobiont was subcultured into a fresh medium. The mycobiont was grown aerobically in MYE at 28 °C with shaking at 150 rpm. After 10 days, mycelia were separated by filtration. | The mycelia mats were mixed separately with 100 mL SDW and 1 mM AgNO3, and incubated at RT on a rotary shaker at 150 rpm. The reaction was carried out in bright conditions for 24 h. | [399] |
| spherical 15–30 nm | DPPH | marine algae Ecklonia cava | polyphenols, polysaccharides, amine, amide species | Five grams of powder and 500 mL of DW were kept at 100 °C for 1 h. Then, the mixture was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 min, and filtered by a filter paper. | Ten milliliters of aqueous extract was mixed with 90 mL of 1 mM AgNO3 solution and stirred for 72 h. AgNPs were lyophilized. | [400] |
| spherical 2–10 nm | DPPH, H2O2 f.r.s.a. | Pestalotiopsis microspora VJ1/VS1 | phenolic compounds, proteins | The culture was cultivated in 100 mL of PDB at 25 °C. After 6 days fungal biomass was transferred to 100 mL of SDDW, boiled, and filtered. | 10 mL of filtrate was incubated with 90 mL of 1 mM AgNO3 in darkness for 24 h at RT. | [401] |
| 100 nm | DPPH/ ascorbic acid |
Cladosporium cladosporioides - | NADPH-dependent reductase, phenolic compounds, proteins | The mycelial was grown in PDB for 72 h. The biomass was filtered and then incubated at RT for 48 h in 100 mL DW. | Ten milliliters of filtrate was added to 90 mL of 1 mM AgNO3. | [402] |
| spherical 3–40 nm | DPPH/ ascorbic acid |
Aspergillus versicolor ENT7-isolated from the ethnomedicinal plant Centella asiatica. | - | The fungal isolate was grown in 100 mL of PDB at 26 °C with shaking at a speed of 100 rpm. After the seventh day, the fungal biomass was separated and washed with SDDW. 10 g of biomass was mixed with 100 mL SDDW and kept at 28 °C for 72 h in a constant shaking. | The aqueous solution was filtered (100 mL) and added to 100 mL of 1 mM of silver nitrate and incubated at 28 °C for 24 h in dark condition. | [403] |
| 15–25 nm | DPPH | Trichoderma atroviride KNUP001 | - | The freshly prepared mycelial filtrate was prepared by aerobically growing in PDB with the agitation of 180 rpm at 28 °C for 4 days. Then, the biomass was filtrated and washed SDDW. The biomass (20 g) was ground in 100 mL of deionized water and filtered. | The filtrate (100 mL) was mixed with AgNO3 (5 mM or 10 mM) and the solution was kept at 40 °C under darkness. | [404] |
| spherical 65 nm |
DPPH, FRAP/ascorbic acid | endophytic fungi, Penicillium species of Glycosmis mauritiana | tannins, saponins, terpenoids flavonoids, | Sterilized (HgCl2, 1 mg ml−1) bark material was incubated in PDA at RT for 7–8 days. The isolated fungi were cultured in PDB for 10 days. The mycelial mat was centrifuged (6000 rpm, 10 min) and the supernatant was shaken for 24 h. | Eighty milliliters of 3 mM AgNO3 was added to 20 mL of extract. NPs were centrifugated at 7000 rpm for 10 min. | [405] |
| spherical 15–35 nm | ABTS/BHT | Inonotus obliquus | proteins | Ten grams of mushrooms were washed, crushed mixed with 200 mL DDW, and stirred for about half an hour. | Five milliliters of the filtered solution was mixed with 95 mL of 1 mM AgNO3 at RT for 80 min. | [406] |
| spherical | FRAP, DPPH, /ascorbic acid | Cladosporium | carbohydratestannin, phenolic glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenol anthraquinones, flavanones | The species was cultured using PDB for 15 days at RT. | Five grams of dried and milled mycelia mat was mixed with 20 mL of SDDW, The mixture was heated to 100 °C for 10 min. Then, 10 mL of 5 mM AgNO3 was added. | [407] |
| 10–80 nm | DPPH |
Agaricus bisporus, Ganoderma lucidum |
flavoproteins, lysine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, riboflavin | Fresh mushrooms were washed with DDW, dried for 4 days, powdered. 1 g of powder was added to100 mL of DDW, and stirred for 60 min. | The filtered extract (10 mL) was added to 90 mL of 1 mM AgNO3. This solution was kept at RT for 12 h or heated at 60 °C for 5 h. | [408] |
| spherical 15–22 nm | DPPH/trolox, ascorbic acid | Ganoderma lucidum | proteins, steroids, nucleotides, amino acids, terpenoids, phenols, vitamins, glycoproteins, poly-saccharides | Five grams of powdered mushrooms were added to 100 mL of 70% ethanol solution. The extract was prepared by the microwave-assisted process. | Twenty milliliters of filtered extract was diluted to 100 mL by DDW, and then 15 mg of AgNO3 was added and mixed by the magnetic stirrer system. | [409] |
| spherical 10–30 nm | DPPH | Ganoderma lucidum | polyphenol, carbonyl species, amino acid | The sample was washed with DW and dried at 40 °C for 3 days. The dried sample was grounded into a powder. 5 g of powder was extracted using water (20 mL via Soxhlet extractor at 80 °C for 8 h. The extract was filtered, and concentrated to 100 mL under 60 °C in a rotary evaporator. | Ten millilitres of extract was added to 90 mL of 1 mM AgNO3 solution and incubated at 60 °C in dark, with an interval the stirring for 4 h of incubation. Ag-NPs were collected by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 30 min at 4 °C. The pellet was washed and dried at 60 °C. | [410] |
| spherical 5–20 nm | DPPH/ ascorbic acid |
Streptomyces griseorubens AU2 | - | The pure culture was inoculated on ISP-2 broth and incubated at 28 °C and 130 rpm for 7 days. After that, the culture was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 20 min and the biomass was washed with DW, suspended in DW, and incubated at 28 °C and 130 rpm for 48 h, and finally centrifuged at 4000 rpm. | Ten milliliters of supernatant with 50 mL of 1 mM AgNO3 were incubated at 28 °C and 130 rpm for 48 h. | [411] |
| spherical 12–16 nm | DPPH, ABTS, FRAP | Raphanus sativus L. | - | The fresh leaves were washed, pat dried, and chopped, shade-dried to constant mass at RT. Ratio: product/solvent was kept at 1:12 w:v, extraction time: 3 h. mechanical stirring, temperature: 70 °C (hydroalcoholic mixture), 67 °C (ethanol); microwave-assisted extraction: time:10 min. at 140 °C, max. power 1000 W. | One hundred milliliters of each filtered extract were mixed with 100 mL of 10 mM aqueous AgNO3 solution and incubated at RT for 30 min. | [412] |
| Gold (Au) NPs, Absorbance at 530–535 nm | ||||||
| multiply twinned quasi- spherical 5–35 nm |
DPPH |
Acroscyphus sphaerophoroides Lev, Sticta nylanderiana |
carboxylic acids, esters, phenols, quinones | The samples were cleaned with DDW, shade dried, and ground in a glass mortar. | One gram of powder was stirred with 100 mL aqueous solution (10−3 M) of HAuCl4, at RT for 12 h. The supernatant was centrifugated (10,000 rpm). The biomass was washed with DDW and dried. | [413] |
| Spherical 5–15 nm | DPPH | Lemanea fluviatilis (L.) | proteins | The red alga samples were cleaned by DW and then dried for a one week in a dark place. | One gram of powder was stirred with 100 mL aqueous solution (10−3 M) of HAuCl4, at RT for 12 h. The supernatant was centrifugated (10,000 rpm). The biomass was washed with DDW and dried. | [143] |
| spherical 79 nm | - | Tetraselmis suecica | water-soluble heterocyclic compounds | The cultures were harvested on the sixth day, then centrifuged at 2000 g for 10 min at 4 °C. The biomass was washed with 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged. The cells were damaged in a mortar in a presence of liquid N2 and then again centrifuged under the same conditions. | The cell extracts were added to 4 mL of 1 mM HAuCl4. The mixtures were incubated in a water bath. The recommended conditions: 1 mL of extract, 5 min of incubation, 90 °C of incubation temperature. | [414] |
| triangular, circular, hexagonal | DPPH/ ascorbic acid |
Escherichia coli | - | E. coli was grown in a nutrient broth at 25 °C under agitation at 180 rpm. The biomass sieved and washed with DW. 1 mg of biomass mixed with 50 mL of SDW, and after 24 h, precipitated by NH4(SO4)2. The pellet was dissolved in phosphate buffer (0.05 M, pH 8.0) and dialyzed. | Five milliliters of solution (50 mg of HAuCl4 in 250 mL of water) was mixed with 24 or 30 mL of the protein solution and vigorously stirred for 4 h. | [415] |
| spherical | DPPH, OH, O2●−, NO• f.r.s.a. | Solanum torvum | - | The dried fruit was made to a fine powder. The 1% of aqueous extract was obtained by using soxhlet apparatus. | Eight milliliters of extract was mixed with 2 mL of 1 mM HAuCl4 and incubated at RT for 24 h, then the mixture was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min. The pellet was re-suspended in ethanol. | [416] |
| spherical 13–15 nm |
- |
Phormidium valderianum, P.tenue, Microcoleus chthonoplastes, Rhizoclonium fontinale, Ulva intestinalis, Chara zeylanica, Pithophora oedogoniana |
- | The samples were cultured in an artificial seawater medium. Algal biomass was mixed with betadine and antibiotic mixtures. After 12 the biomass was washed with SDW. | Au-loaded biomass was obtained by its expose to 15 ppm Au (III) solution at pH (5, 7, 9). After 72 h, it was washed with SDDW, and dried on air. The biomass was sonicated for 30 min with 7.5 mM sodium citrate, followed by centrifugation of 5 min at 3000 rpm. | [417] |
| 100 nm | DPPH, FRAP | Cladosporium cladosporioides | NADPH- dependent reductase, phenolic compounds |
The endophytic fungal isolates were cultured using PDB for 21 days at 25 to 28 °C. The biomass was filtered and washed with DW. This biomass was incubated at RT for 48 h in 100 mL DW. | A 1 mM HAuCl4 solution was mixed with the fungal suspension filtrate. | [402] |
| spherical, triangle, hexagonal rod 23 nm |
ABTS | Inonotus obliquus | proteins | Ten grams of cut mushrooms were stirred with 100 mL of DDW, for 30 min. Then, the solution was filtered through Whatman filter paper. | The extract (5 mL) was added to 95 mL, 1.0 mM HAuCl4. The mixture was stirred at RT for 30 min. | [418] |
| spherical 5–30 nm | DPPH | Lactobacillus kimchicus DCY51T 19 | - | Bacterial cells isolated from kimchi were inoculated into 100 mL MRS broth and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. After incubation, the broth was centrifuged at 6300× g for 5 min. | The biomass was washed with SDW and resuspended in 15 mL of SDW. Then, 1 mM of gold salt was added. The mixture was incubated at 30 °C and shaken at 150× g in darkness. The product was centrifuged at 2500× g for 5 min. | [419] |
| spherical 8–50 nm | DPPH | Enterococcus species | proteins and other nitrogenous molecules | A distinct colony of each strain was used to inoculate 10 mL of sterile broth and incubated at 37 °C for 18 h. Then, the cultures were centrifuged at 4000 rpm at 10 °C for 15 min. | One milliliter of the cell-free extract and 30 mL of 1 mM HAuCl4 solution were mixed. | [420] |
| 8–12 nm | - | Sargassum wightii | - | Seaweed was cleaned, dried for 3–5 days, ground to powder. | One gram of seaweed powder was added to 100 mL of 1 mM HAuCl4 solution within 12 h in a stirring condition. | [421] |
| Spherical, cubic 15–60 nm | - | S. platensis | - | The strain was cultivated in a standard Zaroukh water-salt nutrient medium. After 5–6 days of cultivation, the bacterial cells were harvested and then were washed in DW. | The wet biomass (1 g) was mixed with 100 mL of HAuCl4 solution (10−2–10−4 M). The mixture was shaken for 5 days at RT. | [422] |
| 20–70 nm | DPPH, NO• f.r.s.a. | Vitex negundo | Flavonoids, polyphenols |
Leaves were dried for 3 days in a dark place. The biomass (10 g) was stirred with DDW (50 mL) for 12 h at 500 rpm. The extracts were filtered and lyophilized. | Lyophilized extract (0.5 g) was reconstituted in 5 mL DDW at 100 µgmL−1. To 1 mL of extract, 20 mL of HAuCl4 (0.01 M) was added drop-wise and stirred at 500 rpm. The solution was kept overnight. | [423] |
| Zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs, Absorbance at 340–360 nm. | ||||||
| hexagonal 10–61 nm |
DPPH | Pichia kudriavzevii | amino acids | The yeast was grown on PDB in a vibrating incubator at 150 rpm for 72 h at 28 °C. Mycelia were centrifugated (10,000 rpm, 10 min, 4 °C), washed with SDW. 20 g of biomass was suspended in 100 mL of SDW and incubated for 72 h. Then, biomass was filtrated. | One hundred milliliters of filtrate was added to10 mL of 10 mM Zn(Ac)2·2H2O, incubated at 35 °C with agitation at 150 rpm for 12–36 h. The biomass was centrifugated at 10,000 rpm for 10 min and dried at 150 °C for 6 h. | [424] |
| 20–40 nm | DPPH | Berberis aristata | polyphenols, alcohol, carboxylic acid, ether ester amino acid | The leaves were washed, dry at RT. Later 10 g of leaves were cut, soaked in 100 mL of DDW, heated at 50 °C for 10 min., and filtered. | Sixty milliliters of extract was heated to 70 °C and stirred with 0.1 M Zn(Ac)2·2H2O) at basic conditions. Then, the solution was centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 20–25 min. | [425] |
| Selenium (Se) NPs, Absorbance at 510 nm | ||||||
| 10–250 nm | DPPH, FRAP, TAC |
Streptomyces minutiscleroticus (M10A62) |
protein, peptide, amine, amide compounds |
A 0.1 g soil sample was plated in starch casein agar plates enriched with nystatin (100 µg/mL) and nalidixic acid (20 µg/mL). The strain was transferred to 100 mL of MYE broth and incubated in a rotator shaker (200 rpm) for 5 days, and centrifugated at 5000 rpm for 30 min | Five grams of biomass washed with SDDW was mixed with 100 mL of an aqueous solution of 1 mM Na2SeO3 and kept in a rotator shaker for 72 h. | [426] |
| 30–300 nm | DCF in HUVEC | Pantoea agglomerans strain UC-32 | - | Bacterial cells were cultivated in TSB enriched with 1 mM Na2SeO3 at 25 °C. | Cell suspensions were sonicated at 100 W for 2 min and centrifuged at 10,000× g for 10 min. Pellets were suspended in SDS 0.1%/1 M NaOH, and centrifuged. | [427] |
| spherical tetragonal 14–26 nm. | DPPH/ ascorbic acid | Ephedra aphylla | phenolic compounds, flavonoid tannin | Twenty grams of the dried plants were shaken with 200 mL DW for 30 min in a water bath at 70 °C. The mixture was filtered. | Twenty milliliters of 1 mM selenium sulfate was stirred with 20 mL of the plant extract for 2 h at RT. | [428] |
| Copper (Cu) NPs Absorbance at 350–380 nm. | ||||||
| spherical 60–90 nm | DPPH/ ascorbic acid |
Cissus arnotiana | - | One gram of the powder of the dried leaves was added to 100 mL DDW, boiled at 70 °C for 30 min. The mixture was filtered. | Ten milliliters of the extract was stirred with 90 mL of 10 mM of CuSO4, for 4 h at RT. The mixture was centrifugated at 10,000 rpm for 5 min., The pellet was washed with DDW, and ethanol. | [382] |
| 12–16 nm | DPPH, NO•, O2●− f.r.s.a. |
Dioscorea bulbifera | ascorbic acid | The washed and sliced tubers were dried in a dark place for 3 days. Five grams of the obtained powder and 100 mL of SDW were boiled for 5 min. The extract was filtered | Five milliliters of extract was shaken at 150 rpm in the dark place at 40 °C with 95 mL of 1 mM CuSO4·5H2O. | [429] |
| Copper oxide (CuO) NPs Absorbance at 280–360 nm | ||||||
| 1.5–20 nm | - | Lens culinaris | primary and secondary amines, aldehydes, phenols, proteins | The plant was homogenized in mortar. After that, 100 mL of distilled water was added. | 1 mM CuSO4 was stirred with the filtrated extract (ratio: 1:5, v/v) for 1 h at 37 °C (pH 9). Then, it was centrifuged at 12,000× g for 15 min. The pellet was washed with DW, re-suspended in DW and ultra-sonicated. | [430] |
| 10 nm | DPPH | Galeopsidis herba | flavonoids, phenolic acids,poly- saccharides |
A total of 4.5 g powdered plants were mixed with 300 mL DDW, and stirred for 50 min at 85 °C. Then, the mixture was filtered. | The extract was mixed with Cu(NO3)2 in the proportion: 90:1 (w/w), and vigorously stirred for 4 h at 80 °C. | [431] |
| Spherical, agglomerated | - | Terminalia phanerophlebia | - | Extract from the oven-dried leaves was prepared from 2 g of the ground powdered and 150 mL deionized water, ethanol, or acetone. The extracts were filtered. | Thirty milliliters of CuSO4·5H2O (0.1 M) was stirred with 10 mL of the plant extract, and heated at 90 °C for 5 h. The solution was kept overnight at RT. The CuO NPs were centrifuged, washed with DW, dried in hot air. | [432] |
| Iron (Fe) NPs Absorbance at 214 nm | ||||||
| Spherical, cubic 43–220 nm |
DPPH | Amaranthus dubius | amaranthine, phenolic compounds | The leaves were cleaned, chopped into small pieces. 20 g of leaves were mixed with 100 mL DW and keep at 50 °C for 45 min. The mixture was filtered. | The leaf extract (pH 6) was added a drop to 0.5 M FeCl3 with stirring for 90 min. | [433] |
| 20–25 nm | DPPH, ABTS, H2O2 f.r.s.a. | Asphodelus aestivus Brot. | phenolic compounds, poly- sachharides |
The infusion was prepared in a ratio of 5%. The filtrate was concentrated using a vacuum evaporator. | Five milliliters of extract was mixed with 5 mL of 1 mM aqueous FeCl3. The mixture was kept at 50–60 °C for 20 min with shaking. Then, it was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 30 min. | [434] |
| Iron oxide (FeO) NPs Absorbance at 290 nm | ||||||
| spherical 58–530 nm |
DPPH | Amaranthus spinosus L. | amaranthine, compounds with hydroxyl or amines groups, free amino, carboxylic moieties |
Ten grams of fresh leaves were washed with DW, and chopped into pieces, and mixed with 50 mL water, and keep at 50 °C for 45 min. The supernatant was filtered. | The leaf extract (pH 6) was added to 50 mL of 0.5 M FeCl3 stirring at 37 ± 1 °C for 90 min. The precipitate (FeO NPs) was washed with ethanol and dried at 60 °C for 180 min. | [383] |
| Nickel oxide (NiO) NPs Absorbance at 305 nm | ||||||
| spherical agglomerated NPs 20–50 nm |
DPPH | stevia leaf broth | terpenoids, polyphenols, proteins, aldoses | To 5 g of dried leaves, 100 mL DW was added and boiled (2 min.), and finally filtered. | One gram of nickel acetate in 200 mL DW was stirred with 25 mL extract for 2 h. The mixture was then heated at 100 °C, and then at 500 °C for 2 h. | [435] |
| agglomerated NPs | TAC/phosphomolybdenum, DPPH | Berberis balochistanica | polyphenols, carboxylic acids, alcohols, sulfur compounds | The material was washed, oven-dried for 10 h at 40 °C. 20.66 g of powder was stirred with 200 mL of DW for 12 h. Then, the extract was filtered and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 30 min. | A 50 mL extract was added drop by drop to the solution of NiNO3 (0.3 M). The mixture was heated at 60 °C with stirred at 500 rpm for 3 h. | [436] |
| Manganese (Mn) NPs Absorbance at 415–417 nm | ||||||
| spherical granular 57–69 nm |
- |
Ctenolepis garcini (Burm. f.) |
native proteins | To 2 g air-dried sample, 30 mL of SDW was added, and boiled (2 min.). | Five milliliters of the filtered extract was added to 25 mL of 1 mM KMnO4 solution and stored in RT for 24 h. | [437] |
| Manganese oxide (MnO) NPs Absorbance at 460 nm | ||||||
| spherical 80± 0.5 nm |
- | Abutilon indicum | - | Twenty grams of leaves powder was mixed with 50% methanol. It was placed on a magnetic hot plate and underwent stirring for about 30 min at 55 °C and allowed to settle overnight. | One hundred milliliters of 0.1 M MnSO4·H2O was mixed with 100 mL of plant extract. A total of 0.1 M NaOH solution was added dropwise to the beaker with constant stirring for about 1 h at pH 8.0 and 50 °C. | [438] |
| Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgO) NPs Absorbance at 250 nm | ||||||
| Spherical 7–40 nm | - | Penicillium chrysogenum | polysaccharides hydrocarbons, amines, carboxylate, amino groups | The fungal strains were inoculated into MAB, and incubated for 5 days at 30 ± 2 °C and shaking state at 150 rpm. Then, the biomass was centrifuged and resuspended in 100 mL in DDW. | A total of 76.9 mg of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O was dissolved in 10 mL DW, mixed with 90 mL of biomass filtrate and incubated for 24 h. The white precipitate was collected and rinsed with DW, and oven-dried at 400 °C for 3 h. | [439] |
Abbreviations: room temperature (RT); double-distilled water (DDW), tryptic soy broth (TSB), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), starch casein agar medium (SCA), malt extract broth media (MAB), Malt Yeast Extract medium (MYE), sterile double distilled water (SDDW), double distilled water (DDW), sterile distilled water (DW), deionized water (DI), potato dextrose broth (PDB), potato dextrose agar (PDA), International Streptomyces (ISP 2), dichlorofluorescein (DCF), free radical scavenging activity (f.r.s.a).