Table 12.

Multi-class classification of CF from Ju dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.

Time Window	Frequency Range	Disease Severity (Class)	AlexNet				ResNet-50				ResNet-101				GoogLeNet
			Sen (%)	Spec (%)	Acc (%)	AUC	Sen (%)	Spec (%)	Acc (%)	AUC	Sen (%)	Spec (%)	Acc (%)	AUC	Sen (%)	Spec (%)	Acc (%)	AUC
10 s	0.83–1.95 Hz	Class 0	93.97	99.02	98.13	0.9650	96.48	99.57	99.02	0.9802	95.48	99.89	99.11	0.9768	94.47	99.57	98.66	0.9702
		Class 2	92.05	97.79	95.98	0.9492	96.02 *	98.18 *	97.50 *	0.9710 *	94.60	98.31	97.14	0.9645	94.03	97.14	96.16	0.9558
		Class 2.5	96.09	93.18	94.38	0.9463	97.39	96.21	96.70	0.9680	98.26	93.33	95.36	0.9580	92.61	93.18	92.95	0.9290
		Class 3	77.06	98.81	96.70	0.8794	86.24	99.51	98.21	0.9287	77.06	99.70	97.50	0.8838	74.31	97.73	95.45	0.8602
	1.95–50 Hz	Class 0	98.49 *	98.91 *	98.84 *	0.9870 *	93.47	99.02	98.04	0.9625	96.98	98.26	98.04	0.9762	91.96	98.70	97.50	0.9533
		Class 2	93.18	98.83	97.05	0.9600	94.32	96.22	95.63	0.9527	93.47	95.70	95	0.9458	92.33	96.48	95.18	0.9441
		Class 2.5	96.52 *	97.88 *	97.32 *	0.9720 *	94.35	97.12	95.98	0.9573	93.48	97.12	95.63	0.9530	96.09	96.52	96.34	0.9630
		Class 3	100 *	99.01 *	99.11 *	0.9951 *	92.66	99.01	98.39	0.9584	88.99	99.70	98.66	0.9435	93.58	99.41	98.84	0.9649
15 s	0.83–1.95 Hz	Class 0	96.12	98.67	98.22	0.9740	95.35	99.33	96.83	0.9734	92.25	99.50	98.22	0.9587	92.25	98.84	97.67	0.9554
		Class 2	93.89	96.21	95.48	0.9505	94.32	97.41	96.44	0.9586	94.32	97.21	96.30	0.9576	93.01	97.21	95.89	0.9511
		Class 2.5	92	96.28	94.52	0.9414	93.67	94.65	94.25	0.9416	96.67	92.79	94.38	0.9473	93.33	94.42	93.97	0.9388
		Class 3	87.50	98.63	97.53	0.9307	80.56	98.18	96.44	0.8937	70.83	99.09	96.30	0.8496	79.17	97.57	95.75	0.8837
	1.95–50 Hz	Class 0	95.35	98.34	97.81	0.9684	88.37	99.50	97.53	0.9394	93.02	98.50	97.53	0.9576	86.82	97	95.21	0.9191
		Class 2	92.58	98	96.30	0.9529	92.58	95.01	94.25	0.9379	92.58	94.21	93.70	0.9339	86.90	94.61	92.19	0.9076
		Class 2.5	94	97.44	96.03	0.9572	94.33	95.35	94.93	0.9484	92.33	93.02	92.74	0.9268	93.33	95.81	94.79	0.9457
		Class 3	94.44	97.87	97.53	0.9616	91.67	98.94	98.22	0.9530	69.44	99.54	96.58	0.8449	91.67	98.48	97.81	0.9507
30 s	0.83–1.95 Hz	Class 0	89.66	98.53	96.98	0.9409	81.03	100	96.68	0.9052	70.69	100	94.86	0.8534	93.10	99.27	98.19	0.9619
		Class 2	89.32	93.42	92.15	0.9137	96.12	92.11	93.35	0.9411	92.23	91.67	91.84	0.9195	92.23	95.18	94.26	0.9370
		Class 2.5	86.67	94.39	91.24	0.9053	90.37	95.92	93.66	0.9314	96.30	89.29	92.15	0.9279	86.67	94.90	91.54	0.9078
		Class 3	88.57	96.96	96.07	0.9277	91.43	98.31	97.58	0.9487	68.57	99.66	96.37	0.8412	88.57	96.28	95.47	0.9243
	1.95–50 Hz	Class 0	91.38	98.17	96.98	0.9477	84.48	100	97.28	0.9224	94.83	98.90	98.19	0.9686	93.10	99.27	98.19	0.9619
		Class 2	93.20	96.05	95.17	0.9463	93.20	95.18	94.56	0.9419	95.15	91.67	92.75	0.9341	95.15	94.74	94.86	0.9494
		Class 2.5	92.59	96.43	94.86	0.9451	93.33	93.88	93.66	0.9361	85.93	92.35	89.73	0.8914	89.63	94.39	92.45	0.9201
		Class 3	85.71	97.97	96.68	0.9184	85.71	97.64	96.37	0.9167	62.86	98.99	95.17	0.8092	80	98.31	96.37	0.8916

Note: * selected by Youden’s index criteria as the best classification result.