Table 15.

Multi-class classification of RF from all datasets for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.

Time Window	Frequency Range	Disease Severity (Class)	AlexNet				ResNet-50				ResNet-101				GoogLeNet
			Sen (%)	Spec (%)	Acc (%)	AUC	Sen (%)	Spec (%)	Acc (%)	AUC	Sen (%)	Spec (%)	Acc (%)	AUC	Sen (%)	Spec (%)	Acc (%)	AUC
10 s	0.83–1.95 Hz	Class 0	92.05	94.42	93.69	0.9324	94.97 *	96.34 *	95.92 *	0.9566 *	93.66	97.59	96.38	0.9563	90.64	95.31	93.88	0.9298
		Class 2	84.58	90.80	88.53	0.8769	83.98	95.04	91	0.8951	87.88 *	93.72 *	91.59 *	0.9080 *	71.69	89.88	83.25	0.8079
		Class 2.5	82.40	94.57	91.62	0.8849	89.67	93.06	92.24	0.9137	88.65	93.64	92.43	0.9114	80.74	87.03	85.50	0.8388
		Class 3	72.56	99.05	96.79	0.8581	77.26	99.02	97.16	0.8814	75.81	99.22	97.22	0.8752	68.23	98.82	96.20	0.8352
	1.95–50 Hz	Class 0	89.64	92.59	91.68	0.9112	89.54	95.09	93.38	0.9231	88.73	93.98	92.36	0.9135	82.90	93.84	90.48	88.37
		Class 2	67.12	90.27	81.82	0.7869	80.34	86.47	84.23	0.8341	73.90	85.11	81.02	0.7950	70.34	82.82	78.27	76.58
		Class 2.5	77.42	90.37	87.23	0.8390	74.49	93.51	88.90	0.8400	71.17	91.19	86.34	0.8118	73.21	88.98	85.16	81.10
		Class 3	94.95 *	97.30 *	97.09 *	0.9612 *	86.64	99.12	98.05	0.9288	84.48	98.92	97.68	0.9170	79.42	99.12	97.43	89.27
15 s	0.83–1.95 Hz	Class 0	91.79	94.73	93.83	0.9326	92.40	96.49	95.23	0.9445	90.12	97.84	95.47	0.9398	90.58	95.41	93.92	0.9299
		Class 2	80.54	91.02	87.19	0.8578	85.53	94.18	91.02	0.8986	91.04	90.43	90.65	0.9073	78.36	90.65	86.16	0.8450
		Class 2.5	82.95	92.36	90.09	0.8765	89.53 *	94.82 *	93.55 *	0.9218 *	84.88	94.89	92.47	0.8988	79.65	91.99	89.01	0.8582
		Class 3	73.37	99.03	96.82	0.8620	87.50	98.72	97.76	0.9311	75.54	99.34	97.29	0.8744	83.15	97.85	96.59	0.9050
	1.95–50 Hz	Class 0	83.28	93.65	90.46	0.8847	85.26	96.69	93.17	0.9097	86.63	94.87	92.33	0.9075	82.37	92.51	89.39	0.8744
		Class 2	70.81	84.68	79.62	0.7775	79.39	84.46	82.61	0.8192	75.42	85.35	81.72	0.8038	69.27	80.71	76.53	0.7499
		Class 2.5	75.19	89.83	86.30	0.8251	70.93	91.07	86.21	0.8100	75	90.51	86.77	0.8276	64.53	89.77	83.68	0.7715
		Class 3	83.15	98.47	97.15	0.9081	82.07	98.16	96.77	0.9011	79.35	99.08	97.38	0.8921	79.89	98.11	96.54	0.8900
30 s	0.83–1.95 Hz	Class 0	90.03	93.97	92.75	0.9200	90.97	96.21	94.58	0.9359	89.10	95.51	93.52	0.9230	78.50	94.95	89.85	0.8673
		Class 2	77.31	89.62	85.11	0.8346	84.17	91.45	88.78	0.8781	81.79	90.08	87.04	0.8594	77.31	83.05	80.95	0.8018
		Class 2.5	76.54	93.17	89.26	0.8486	86.01	93.30	91.59	0.8965	86.01	90.77	89.65	0.8839	77.78	90.39	87.43	0.8408
		Class 3	87.91	97.77	96.91	0.9284	78.02	99.26	97.39	0.8864	60.44	99.58	96.13	0.8001	71.43	98.73	96.32	0.8508
	1.95–50 Hz	Class 0	83.18	90.60	88.30	0.8689	86.92	92.57	90.81	0.8974	81.62	93.83	90.04	0.8772	80.69	92.57	88.88	0.8663
		Class 2	53.56	84.43	73.11	0.6899	67.55	82.60	77.08	0.7507	64.91	82.60	76.11	0.7375	65.44	80.31	74.85	0.7287
		Class 2.5	68.31	83.06	79.59	0.7569	59.67	87.10	80.66	0.7339	74.07	83.44	81.24	0.7876	60.91	86.09	80.17	0.7350
		Class 3	72.53	96.92	94.78	0.8473	64.84	97.24	94.39	0.8104	53.85	99.15	95.16	0.7650	65.93	97.14	94.39	0.8154

Note: * selected by Youden’s index criteria as the best classification result.