Table 2.
ChNPs: preparation methods for various diseases, drugs, efficiencies, and advantages.
| Method of Preparation | Diseases | Drug in ChNPs | Efficiency | Advantages | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ionotropic gelation | Bladder cancer | Chitosan–hyaluronic acid dialdehyde NPs (for CD44-targeted siRNA delivery) | LE ≥ 0.95 | Cytotoxicity is reduced | [86] |
| Migraine | Sumatriptan succinate | EE = 0.60 | Targeted specific drug delivery | [87] | |
| S. pneumoniae infections | Cpl-1-loaded ChNPs | EE = 0.60 | Enhanced bioavailability of the drug and in vivo half-life; chitosan biocompatibility for drug delivery | [65] | |
| Immuno-therapy | CpG oligodeoxynucleotide | EE = 0.90–0.97 | Better immune-stimulation, cell uptake, and binding abilities | [88] | |
| Antimicrobial activity against MRSA | N′-((5-nitrofuran-2-yl) methylene)-2-benzohydrazide [(CH-5-NFB-NP)] | EE = 0.45 | Antibacterial property increased; effective against multi-drug-resistant strains; easy production method | [89] | |
| Acne | Clindamycin | EE = 0.42 | Better drug distribution; specific target delivery | [90] | |
| Administration of antioxidant peptides | Goby fish protein hydrolysate | EE = 0.61 | Better thermal stability and antioxidant properties; controlled diffusion mechanism | [91] | |
| Hyperlipidemia | Sodium alginate entrapping rosuvastatin | - | Controlled drug release | [92] | |
| Phylloquinone induced prolonged blood circulation time | VK1 | EE = 0.79 | Constant release of vitamin K1; circulation time of RBC-hitchhiking chitosan NPs greater than regular NPs | [93] | |
| Polycystic kidney | Metformin | LE = 0.33 | Enhanced bioavailability; lesser side effects in other parts of the body; better pharmaceutical efficacy | [94] | |
| Polyelectrolyte complexation (PEC) | Cancer | Amygdalin entrapped by alginate | EE = 0.90 | Stable release of the drug; low toxicity to cells | [95] |
| Gene therapy | siRNA | - | Safer technique with increased stability | [96] | |
| Double emulsion crosslinking method | Cancer treatment | 5-Fluorouracil | EE ≈ 0.60 | Increased inhibition of cancer; controlled drug release; increased efficiency of entrapment | [97] |
| Capillary hemangioma | Propranolol hydrochloride | EE ≥ 0.50 | Minimal side effects; sustained drug release | [98] | |
| Microemulsion method | Diabetes | Insulin | EE = 0.80% | Enhanced availability of the drug at the site (due to its interaction with the mucosal membrane of the intestine) and prolonged release of the drug; better compliance of oral delivery in patients | [99] |
| Crosslinking | Antimicrobial effects | Naringenin (NRG), quercetin (QE), and curcumin (CUR) conjugated with L-histidine and ZnO | LE varies from 0.89 to 0.92 | Noticeable antimicrobial action against Trichophyton rubrum and Staphylococcus aureus strains because of the cumulative impact | [100] |
| Breast cancer | Methotrexate | LE = 0.13 | Sustainable drug release; improved drug loading efficacy | [101] | |
| Droplet emulsion method | Glaucoma | Trimethylchitosan (TMC) and tetrandrine lipid NPs (TET-LNPs)-loaded carboxy-methylchitosan (CMC) or hydroxypropylchitosan (HPC) | LE ≥ 0.9 | Increased bioavailability and retention time | [102] |
| Co-precipitation | Arthritis (rheumatoid) | Meloxicam | EE = 0.82 | Lesser dosage frequency and toxicity | [103] |
| - | Antioxidant | Resveratrol | EE ≥ 0.90 | Continuous release of the drug and enhanced storage and stability of the drug | [48] |
| Nano-precipitation | Parkinson’s Disease | Ropinirole hydrochloride coated with PGLA | LE = 0.05 | Can cross the blood–brain barrier; hepatic metabolism; delivers the drug to the specific site of action | [49] |