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Overview of potential molecular effects of estrogen on the auditory system. Estrogen could enhance the expression of antioxidant SOD and reduce apoptosis by upregulating Bcl-2/Bcl-xL and inhibiting the JNK pathway. In addition, estrogen increases the BDNF in neurons and inhibits glutamate excitotoxicity. Estrogen could also help to modulate cochlear homeostasis and increase cochlear blood flow. Abbreviations: SOD = superoxide dismutase and BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
