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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Illustration of the four reactions aiding in self-healing of concrete: (a) white precipitation formation; (b) loose particles blockage; (c) rehydration of unreacted cement particles; (d) swelling particles blockage by ASR.