Table 2.
Correlates of pandemic food insecurity.
| Study 1 (n = 2,152) |
Study 2 (n = 795) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | Adjusted Average Marginal Effect (Difference in Predicted Probability) | p | OR | Adjusted Average Marginal Effect (Difference in Predicted Probability) | p | |
| COVID-19 related factors | ||||||
| Financial struggles due to COVID-19 | 2.67 | N/A | <0.001 | 2.14 | N/A | 0.02 |
| Government benefits (past 2 months) | ||||||
| SNAP | ||||||
| Did not receive aid (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Received aid | 2.90 | N/A | 0.01 | 3.68 | N/A | <0.001 |
| Financial struggles due to COVID-19 X SNAP Interaction | 0.78 | N/A | 0.03 | 0.74 | N/A | 0.05 |
| Other government benefits (past 2 months) | ||||||
| WIC | ||||||
| Did not receive aid (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Received aid | 1.52 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 1.66 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
| Unemployment | ||||||
| Did not receive aid (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Received aid | 0.67 | −0.06 | 0.01 | 1.36 | 0.05 | 0.21 |
| COVID payment/stimulus | ||||||
| Did not receive aid (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Received aid | 1.17 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.75 | −0.05 | 0.16 |
| Employment changes due to COVID-19 | ||||||
| Did not change (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Lost employment | 0.83 | −0.03 | 0.12 | 1.06 | 0.01 | 0.79 |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age | 0.94 | −0.01 | 0.44 | 0.79 | −0.04 | 0.001 |
| Gender identity | ||||||
| Male (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Female | 0.64 | −0.07 | <0.001 | 0.89 | −0.02 | 0.53 |
| Neither or prefer to self-describea | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Not Hispanic/Latino (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Hispanic/Latino | 1.61 | 0.08 | <0.001 | 1.34 | 0.05 | 0.33 |
| Race | ||||||
| White (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Black or African American | 0.92 | −0.01 | 0.53 | 0.64 | −0.07 | 0.10 |
| Other or multiracial | 0.92 | −0.01 | 0.67 | 0.89 | −0.02 | 0.68 |
| Children in household | ||||||
| 0 children | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.83 | −0.03 | 0.56 |
| 1 child | 1.02 | 0.00 | 0.92 | 1.40 | 0.06 | 0.31 |
| 2 children | 0.96 | −0.01 | 0.77 | 0.75 | −0.05 | 0.37 |
| 3 + children (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than a college degree (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 4-year college degree or higher | 1.49 | 0.06 | 0.001 | 1.91 | 0.11 | 0.002 |
| Household income, annual | ||||||
| <$50,000 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ≥$50,000 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 1.44 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
Note. Results presented in this table are from a multivariable logistic regression model which included the interaction term for SNAP and financial struggles. Average Marginal Effect (AME) is the difference in average predicted probability of being food insecure between the group of interest and the referent group, expressed as a proportion (e.g., an AME of + 0.05 indicates a 5 percentage point difference in predicted probabilities). P-values are associated with AMEs, unless AMEs listed as N/A. N/A, Not Applicable. SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. Multivariable analysis included all variables in the table. Boldface indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05). Analyses exclude 67 participants from Study 1 and 16 participants from Study 2 due to missing data.
Results for the gender category “Neither or prefer not to say” are suppressed due to small cell size of participants.