Table 1.

Pharmacological effects of resveratrol on different mechanisms involved in the aging process in various organs or cells or others.

Biological Sample Types	Experimental Models	Resveratrol Doses	Mechanisms Involved	Ref.
Blood plasma	Older adult humans	daily dose 1–2 g for 4 weeks	↑ Insulin sensitivity ↑ Plasma glucose in subjects with IGT	[60]
Blood plasma	Patients with peritoneal dialysis	150 or 450 mg/d	↑ Angiogenesis ↓ Ang-II	[61]
Brain	Ischemic brain in rats	40 μM/kg	↓ Lactate dehydrogenase ↓ Superoxide anion ↑ Mitophagy ↑ AMPK/autophagy ↓ Excess Ca2+	[62]
Brain	Traumatic brain injury in adult male rats	100 mg/kg	↓ IL-1β and IL-18 (inflammatory initiating cytokines) ↓ NLRP3 and caspase-1 pathways ↓ Inflammation and ROS ↑ SIRT1 activation	[63]
Heart	Type 2 diabetes and kidney hypertension in rats	5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks	↓ Serum MDA ↓ Systolic pressure, blood glucose, heart rate ↑ Serum SOD, glutathione reductase	[64]
Intestine and liver	Obesity in men	1000 mg/day for 1 week followed by 2000 mg/day for 2 weeks	↓ Intestinal as well as hepatic lipoprotein ↓ Apolipoprotein B (apoB-48) by 22%	[65]
Liver	HFD-induced fatty liver in mice	30 mg/kg/day	↓ TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-1b ↓ NF-κB pathway ↑ AMPKa ↑ SIRT1	[66]
Lung	Lung fibrosis in mice	50 and 100 mg/kg for 5 months	↓ NLRP3 ↓ Cytotoxicity ↓ IL-1β production ↓ inflammation and fibrosis	[67]
Lung	Nicotine-induced lung injury in rats	20 mg/kg/b.w. for 4 weeks	↓ IL-2, IL-6, TNF alpha, alpha-fetoprotein, plasma 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, Myeloperoxidase, XO, NO, lipid peroxidation ↑ Catalase, SOD, G6PD, and GSH-Px	[68]
Muscle	Barrows/male pigs	300 mg or 600 mg/kg of feed (dietary) for 49 days	↓ Muscle lactate, glucose ↓ MDA ↑ Crude protein and myoglobin content, ↑ T-AOC ↑ GSH-Px	[69]
Pancreas	Aged SAMP8 mice	5 mg/kg/day	↑ SIRT1 mRNA expression, ↓ NF-κB expression	[70]
Skin	UV-skin change in mice	10 µM /mouse	↓ Cellular proliferation ↓ Established markers of tumor progression (epidermal cyclooxygenase-2 and ornithine decarboxylase) ↓ Survivin expression	[71]
Mouse primary hepatocytes	NEFA-treated hepatocytes	100 µM	↓ TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-1b ↓ NF-κB pathway ↑ AMPKa ↑ SIRT1	[66]
Human epidermal keratinocytes	Foreskin biopsies-treated keratinoctyes	20 µM up to 100 µM	↑ Cellular glutathione content ↑ Nrf2 ↑ Cutaneous endogenous antioxidant status	[72]
Human nucleus pulposus cells	H2O2-treated pulposus cells	50 μM	↓ Mitochondrial dysfunction ↑ Autophagy	[73]
Human lung cancer cells (A549)	Non-small-cell lung cancer in cells	200 μM	↑ Beclin1 and LC3 II/I ↑ SIRT1 expression ↓ p62 expression ↑ Apoptosis ↑ Autophagy ↓ Akt/ mTOR pathway ↑ p-38-MAPK pathway	[74]
L6 rat skeletal muscle cells	2-deoxy-d-glucose-treated muscle cells	100 µM	↑ Glucose uptake in muscle ↑ Insulin action ↑ SIRT1, AMPK, GLUT4	[75]
Peritoneal mesothelial cells	High glucose in peritoneal dialysis solutions-treated cells	50 μM	↓ NLRP3 ↑ Autophagy ↑ AMPK-mediated autophagy	[76]

AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK; angiotension II, ang-II; sirtuin type 1, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases, G6PD; SIRT1; superoxide dismutase, SOD; glucose transporter 4, GLUT4; glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px; malondialdehyde, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3, LC3; MDA; mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR; interleukin, IL; tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α; nitric oxide, NO; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, malondialdehyde, MDA; nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB; NLR family pyrin domain containing 3, NLRP3; impaired glucose tolerance, IGT; total antioxidative capacity, T-AOC; tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α, reactive oxygen species, ROS; non-esterified fatty acids, NEFA; ubiquitin-binding protein, p62; protein kinase B, Akt; and xanthine oxidase, XO; ↓: Decreased, and ↑: Increased.