Table 1.

Summary of reported iPSC generation using modRNA-based reprogramming.

Cell Sources	modRNA	Transfection Methods	Transfection Numbers	Total modRNA	Modifications	Differentiation to Three Germ Layers	Further Differentiation	References
BJ human neonatal foreskin fibroblasts, MRC-5 human fetal lung fibroblasts, Detroit 551 human fetal skin fibroblasts, dH1f fibroblasts, and skin cells of a cystic fibrosis patient	KLF4, c-MYC, OCT4, SOX2, LIN28	Cationic lipid	17	20 μg in 6-well plate; 136 μg in 10 cm dish	5mC, ψU, 5′ UTR containing Kozak sequence, α-Globin 3′ UTR, Poly-A tail, ARCA	Yes	Myogenic cells	[47]
Human foreskin fibroblasts	OCT4, LIN28, SOX2, NANOG	Cationic lipid	5	20 μg	Poly-A tail, ARCA, IRES sequence	No	N/A	[54]
Human fetal skin fibroblasts (HuF1), human embryonic lung fibroblasts (MRC5), human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF)	OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, KLF4, SV40 large T (LT)	Electroporation	1	43 μg	Poly-A tail, ARCA, 5′ and 3′ UTRs of Xenopus b-globin	No	N/A	[55]
Human foreskin, adult Huntington fibroblasts, and adult skin fibroblasts of healthy donors	OCT4, NANOG, KLF4, c-MYC, SOX2, hTERT	Electroporation and Lipofectamine 2000	4	12 μg	Poly-A tail, Cap	Yes	N/A	[56]
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF)	OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC	Cationic lipid	3	12 μg	Poly-A tail, ARCA	No	N/A	[57]
BJ neonatal fibroblasts, HDF-f fetal fibroblasts, HDF-n neonatal fibroblasts, HDF-a adult fibroblasts, and XFF xeno-free neonatal fibroblasts	OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC-T58A, LIN28, NANOG	RNAiMAX	9	9 μg	5mC, ψU, 5′ UTR containing Kozak sequence, α-Globin 3′ UTR, Poly-A tail, ARCA	Yes	Cardiomyocytes	[58]
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells of a 50-year-old patient	OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, LIN28, c-MYC	RNAiMAX	18	9.6 μg	5mC, ψU, Cap	Yes	N/A	[59]
Primary human fibroblasts	KLF4, c-MYC, OCT4, SOX2, LIN28, NDG	Cationic lipid	14	14 μg	5mC, ψU, 5′ UTR, 3′ UTR, Poly-A tail, ARCA	No	N/A	[60]
Human newborn foreskin fibroblasts	OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, LIN28, c-MYC	RNAiMAX	17	74.8 μg (Stemgent)	5mC, ψU, 5′ UTR containing Kozak sequence, α-Globin 3′ UTR, Poly-A tail, ARCA	Yes	Hepatocytes	[61]
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells from a patient with β-thalassemia	OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, c-MYC, LIN28	RNAiMAX	18	21.6 μg	5mC, ψU, Poly-A tail, ARCA	Yes	Hematopoietic progenitors	[62]
Human adult dermal fibroblasts (HUF1 and HUF58), GM13325 fibroblasts from a 9-day-old patient with DiGeorge Syndrome, BJ human fibroblasts	OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, c-MYC, LIN28	RNAiMAX	12	14.4 μg	5mC, ψU, ARCA	Yes	Cardiomyocytes	[63]
Skin fibroblasts from a patient with low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) deficiency, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)	OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, LIN28	RNAiMAX	20	23.5 μg	5mC, ψU, 5′ UTR containing Kozak sequence, α-Globin 3′ UTR, Poly-A tail, ARCA	Yes	Hepatocytes, mesenchymal cells	[64]
Human adult dermal fibroblasts	OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, LIN28, miR302a-d, miR367	Stemfect RNA Transfection reagent	11	11 μg	5mC, ψU, Cap	Yes	N/A	[65]
Human BJ fibroblasts	OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, NANOG, LIN28,	Stemfect RNA Transfection reagent	9	2.2 μg	5mC, ψU, 5′ UTR containing Kozak sequence, 3′ UTR, Poly-A tail, ARCA	Yes	N/A	[66]
Human adipose-derived fibroblasts (ADFs), rat ADFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF)	OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, or mRNA extracted from cells overexpressing OSKM	Graphene oxide-polyethylenimine (GO-PEI)	3	6 μg	5′ UTR, 3′ UTR, Poly-A tail, Cap	Yes	N/A	[67]
Human amniotic fluid stem Cells (AFSC)	OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, LIN28	RNAiMAX	18	79.2 μg	5mC, ψU, 5′ UTR containing Kozak sequence, α-Globin 3′ UTR, Poly-A tail, ARCA	Yes	Cardiomyocytes	[68]
Goat embryonic fibroblasts (GEF)	OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC	Lipofectamine 2000	5	5 μg	Poly-A tail, ARCA	Yes	N/A	[69]
Human primary fibroblasts from two healthy donors and a patient with Down syndrome	OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, LIN28A, NANOG, mWasabi miR367/302s	RNAiMAX	7	4.4 μg	5mC, ψU, 5′ UTR containing Kozak sequence, α-Globin 3′ UTR, Poly-A tail, ARCA	Yes	N/A	[70]
Human primary fibroblasts	OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, LIN28A, NANOG, mWasabi miR367/302s	RNAiMAX	7	7 μg	5mC, ψU, 5′ UTR containing Kozak sequence, α-Globin 3′ UTR, Poly-A tail, ARCA	No	N/A	[71]

Abbreviations: 5-methylcytidine (5mC); pseudouridine (ψU).