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. 2021 Jul 30;10(15):3384. doi: 10.3390/jcm10153384

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Inflammatory markers are altered following beta-blocker treatment. Expression of IL-1b mRNA in HUVECs (A) was not affected by treatment with beta-blockers carvedilol (Carv), bisoprolol (Bis), or metoprolol (Met). When TNFα is added to HUVECs to induce endothelial dysfunction, IL-1b expression is significantly increased from control levels (B) and decreases with doses of Bis and Met, but not Carv. TNFα induced endothelial dysfunction also significantly increases mRNA levels of IL-6 (C) and NLRP3 (D). Beta-blocker treatment with top dose Carv, Bis, and Met significantly decreases induced IL-6 expression (C). NLRP3 mRNA expression was not affected by beta-blockers treatment (D). Expression of PTGS2 mRNA in HUVECs (E) was significantly increased following top dose beta-blocker treatment with Carv, Bis, and Met. PTGS2 expression is significantly induced with TNFα (endothelial dysfunction) (F), which is further increased with top dose Carv, decreased with 100 uM Bis, and unaffected by Met. Data are mean ± SEM, expressed as a percentage of control (HUVEC) or TNFα control (endothelial dysfunction), n = 3–4, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.

Inflammatory markers are altered following beta-blocker treatment. Expression of IL-1b mRNA in HUVECs (A) was not affected by treatment with beta-blockers carvedilol (Carv), bisoprolol (Bis), or metoprolol (Met). When TNFα is added to HUVECs to induce endothelial dysfunction, IL-1b expression is significantly increased from control levels (B) and decreases with doses of Bis and Met, but not Carv. TNFα induced endothelial dysfunction also significantly increases mRNA levels of IL-6 (C) and NLRP3 (D). Beta-blocker treatment with top dose Carv, Bis, and Met significantly decreases induced IL-6 expression (C). NLRP3 mRNA expression was not affected by beta-blockers treatment (D). Expression of PTGS2 mRNA in HUVECs (E) was significantly increased following top dose beta-blocker treatment with Carv, Bis, and Met. PTGS2 expression is significantly induced with TNFα (endothelial dysfunction) (F), which is further increased with top dose Carv, decreased with 100 uM Bis, and unaffected by Met. Data are mean ± SEM, expressed as a percentage of control (HUVEC) or TNFα control (endothelial dysfunction), n = 3–4, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.