Table 2.
Current clinically used protein biomarkers in haematological malignancies.
| Biofluid | Protein | Type of Blood Cancer | Technology | Clinical Purpose | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum | Monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-protein) | Multiple myeloma | Serum protein electrophoresis immunofixation electrophoresis | Diagnostic and monitoring disease | [60] |
| Free light chains (Bence Jones proteins) | Multiple myeloma | Immunoturbidimetric and immunonephelometric assays | Diagnostic and monitoring of patients with light-chain disease. | [61] | |
| Βeta 2-microglobulin | Multiple myeloma | Nephelometry immunoturbidimetry | Prognostic | [62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69] | |
| Acute leukaemia | |||||
| Chronic leukaemia | |||||
| Hodgkin’s lymphoma | |||||
| Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | |||||
| Lactate dehydrogenase | Multiple myeloma | Enzyme kinetics assay | Prognostic | [70,71,72,73,74] | |
| Acute leukaemia | |||||
| Chronic leukaemia | |||||
| Hodgkin’s lymphoma | |||||
| Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | |||||
| Uric acid | Acute myeloid leukaemia | Colorimetric enzyme assay | Prognostic | [75] | |
| Urine | Monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-protein) | Multiple myeloma | Protein electrophoresis Immunofixation electrophoresis |
Diagnostic and monitoring of disease | [76] |
| Free light chains (Bence Jones proteins) | Multiple myeloma | Immunofixation electrophoresis Immunoturbidimetry |
Monitor disease progression and response to therapy | [76] | |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | Βeta 2-microglobulin | Lymphoma | Nephelometry | Indicative of central nervous system (CNS) involvement | [77] |
| Leukaemia |