Table 1.

MPQC players involved in tumorigenesis.

Genes	Genetic Alterations	Effects on Tumor	Cancer Context	Mechanisms of Action	Targetability	References
MRPS16	Overexpression	Promoting	Glioma	Promotes glioma cell growth, migration, and invasion by the activating the PI3K/AKT/Snail axis	Potential	[138,139]
MRPS22	Overexpression	Promoting	Non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer	Facilitates protein synthesis	ND *	[140,141]
mtHSP70/Mortalin	Overexpression	Promoting	Breast cancer, ovarian cancer	Inactivation of p53 and deregulation of apoptosis	Yes	[21]
MEP	Overexpression	Promoting	Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)	Interacts with LETM1 (respiratory super complex regulator), a possible inhibitor of cancer	Potential	[142,143]
HSP70	Overexpression	Promoting	Breast, endometrial, gastric, leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate, colorectal, lung, ovarian, melanoma	Cytosolic protein quality control, apoptosis	Yes	[144,145,146,147,148,149]
MIA40/CHCHD4	Overexpression	Promoting	Glioma, osteosarcoma, breast, colon, renal cancer	Oxidoreductase, interacts with p53, and correlates with hypoxic gene regulation that promotes tumorigenesis	ND	[26,150,151]
HSP90	Overexpression	Promoting	Hepatocellular carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, breast cancer, leukemia, glioblastoma, lung adenocarcinoma	Cytosolic protein quality control, apoptosis	Yes	[24,152,153,154,155]
POLG1	Overexpression and mutations	Promoting	Breast, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer, renal carcinoma	Replicates and repairs mtDNA	Yes	[156,157,158]
ICT1	Overexpression	Promoting	Colorectal cancer, prostate, breast, lung, and gastric cancer	Hydrolyzes peptidyl-tRNAs from stalled mitoribosomes	Yes	[68,138,159,160,161,162,163,164]
TRIT1	Mutation (single nucleotide polymorphism)	Suppressing	Lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer, lung cancer	tRNA binding to ribosome	No	[165,166,167]
LARS2	Downregulation	Suppressing	Primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma	Protein synthesis, catalyzes charged leucine tRNA	ND	[168]
TOM70	Altered interaction	Suppressing	Breast cancer	Interaction with RL2 may lead to cell death in breast cancer cells, cytosolic protein import quality	Potential	[169]
TOM5	Altered interaction	Suppressing	Non-small cell lung cancer	Interaction with p53 is suggested to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and stability of TOM	Potential	[170]
PARK2	Mutations	Suppressing	Glioblastomas, neuroblastomas, lung, breast, and ovarian cancer	Ubiquitination, mitophagy, MDVs	Yes	[171,172,173]
OMA1	Downregulated	Suppressing	Breast cancer, possibly others OPA1-relevant cancers	Cleaves proteins such as OPA1, associated with apoptotic pathway	Potential	[174]
LACTB	Downregulated	Suppressing	Breast cancer, colorectal, gliomas, hepatocellular carcinomas	Regulates complex I of the ETC	Potential	[165,166,175,176,177]
ANT1	Downregulated	Suppressing	Breast cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma	Catalyzes exchange of mitochondrial ATP for cytosolic ADP	Yes	[178,179,180]
PITRM1	N/D	Suppressing	Breast cancer, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma	Regulates Kruppel-like factor 6 gene, which is a tumor suppressor	ND	[167,181]
HTRA2 or OMI	Upregulation Downregulation	Promoting Suppressing	Stomach cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma AML	A serine protease in the IMS, interacts with PHB to impact cell proliferation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial proteostasis	Yes	[182,183]
HSP40	Upregulation Downregulation	Promoting Suppressing	Breast cancer, CRC, gastric cancer, lung cancer Breast cancer, lung cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	Helps transport proteins from cytosol to mitochondria	Yes	[27,184,185,186,187,188,189]
HSP60	Upregulation Downregulation	Promoting Suppressing	Leukemia, breast, lung, liver, glioblastomas, prostate, ovarian, neuroblastoma, neuroblastomas, cervical, head and neck, colorectal, adrenocortical, pancreatic, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Clear cell renal cell carcinoma	Forms pro-survival complexes in cancers, stabilizes proteins in the matrix	Yes	[89,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197]
PHB	Upregulation Downregulation	Promoting Suppressing	Breast cancer, gall bladder, ovarian cancers Gliomas, nasopharyngeal, and hepatocellular carcinomas, both in gastric cancers	Cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, mitochondrial stability	ND	[198,199,200,201]
RMND1	Upregulation Downregulation	Promoting Suppressing	Breast cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia Breast cancer	Assembly of mitoribosome	ND	[178,179,202]
CLPP	Upregulation Downregulation	Promoting Suppressing	AML, breast cancer Gastric adenocarcinoma	Degrades damaged or misfolded proteins	Yes	[203,204,205,206,207]
UQCRC1	Upregulation Downregulation	Promoting Suppressing	Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma osteosarcoma CRC, clear cell renal cell carcinomas, gastric cancer	Cleaves precursors that enter mitochondria and key ETC subunits	ND	[208,209,210]
UQCRC2	Upregulation Downregulation	Promoting Suppressing	CRC Gliomas	Cleaves precursors that enter mitochondria and key ETC subunits	ND	[211,212]

* ND, Not done.