. 2021 Jul 24;26(15):4474. doi: 10.3390/molecules26154474

Table 3.

Volatile compounds (%) of red arils (means ± SD).

Compound	Fruit Collection Site
Compound	Zielona Góra	Warsaw	Koszalin	Cracow
Alcohols
Ethanol	8.93 ± 0.03 ^c	7.36 ± 0.56 ^b	6.27 ± 0.52 ^a	8.55 ± 0.42 ^c
1-Butanol	nd	nd	0.94 ± 0.04 ^b	0.51 ± 0.03 ^a
1-Pentanol	0.25 ± 0.00 ^a	0.26 ± 0.01 ^a	0.37 ± 0.01 ^c	0.33 ± 0.01 ^b
1-Hexanol	3.38 ± 0.06 ^a	5.20 ± 0.68 ^b	14.95 ± 0.41 ^d	7.60 ± 0.38 ^c
2-Hexanol	0.49 ± 0.03 ^b	0.31 ± 0.01 ^a	0.31 ± 0.02 ^a	nd
1-Octanol	0.73 ± 0.02 ^a	1.96 ± 0.28 ^c	2.42 ± 0.08 ^d	1.56 ± 0.06 ^b
3-Octanol	0.10 ± 0.00 ^a	0.43 ± 0.04 ^c	0.31 ± 0.02 ^b	0.59 ± 0.01 ^d
1-Butanol, 3-methyl	3.73 ± 0.02 ^b	1.91 ± 0.12 ^a	3.84 ± 0.27 ^b	1.92 ± 0.08 ^a
1-Butanol, 2-methyl	2.90 ± 0.02 ^c	1.51 ± 0.08 ^b	2.87 ± 0.10 ^c	1.28 ± 0.03 ^a
3-Buten-1-ol, 3-methyl	0.33 ± 0.01 ^a	0.33 ± 0.02 ^a	0.39 ± 0.03 ^b	nd
2-Buten-1-ol, 3-methyl	nd	0.37 ± 0.03 ^c	0.34 ± 0.01 ^b	0.31 ± 0.01 ^a
2,3-Butanediol	16.35 ± 0.13 ^c	0.59 ± 0.06 ^a	2.12 ± 0.18 ^b	nd
3-Hexen-1-ol	0.94 ± 0.16 ^a	1.79 ± 0.23 ^b	3.51 ± 0.09 ^c	5.55 ± 0.36 ^d
1-Octen-3-ol	0.14 ± 0.01 ^a	0.64 ± 0.06 ^b	0.63 ± 0.02 ^b	0.72 ± 0.03 ^c
1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl	0.17 ± 0.01 ^a	nd	0.92 ± 0.02 ^b	0.18 ± 0.01 ^a
Benzenemethanol	2.10 ± 0.08 ^a	3.64 ± 0.35 ^c	5.17 ± 0.14 ^d	2.91 ± 0.05 ^b
Benzeneethanol	6.28 ± 0.12 ^d	0.80 ± 0.09 ^a	3.44 ± 0.17 ^c	1.19 ± 0.03 ^b
Total	46.80 ± 0.10 ^c	27.09 ± 2.51 ^a	48.77 ± 0.27 ^d	33.20 ± 1.25 ^b
Ketones
3-Pentanone	nd	nd	1.02 ± 0.05	nd
3-Octanone	0.46 ± 0.02 ^a	3.13 ± 0.41 ^c	1.72 ± 0.16 ^b	4.50 ± 0.27 ^d
2,3-Butanedione	2.79 ± 0.02 ^b	5.17 ± 0.35 ^c	2.46 ± 0.11 ^b	1.52 ± 0.03 ^a
1-Octen-3-one	nd	0.26 ± 0.04 ^b	nd	0.20 ± 0.01 ^a
2-Butanone, 3-hydroxy	9.75 ± 0.08 ^d	6.22 ± 0.51 ^c	3.27 ± 0.24 ^b	1.72 ± 0.04 ^a
2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1,4-dione	3.37 ± 0.13 ^b	6.13 ± 0.35 ^d	2.37 ± 0.03 ^a	4.72 ± 0.38 ^c
Acetofenon	nd	0.11 ± 0.01 ^a	nd	0.28 ± 0.02 ^b
Total	16.37 ± 0.22 ^c	21.02 ± 1.59 ^d	10.83 ± 0.21 ^a	12.93 ± 0.66 ^b
Esters
Ethyl acetate	5.58 ± 0.17 ^d	2.14 ± 0.14 ^b	4.95 ± 0.53 ^c	0.78 ± 0.01 ^a
Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate	0.65 ± 0.06 ^a	nd	0.60 ± 0.03 ^a	nd
Methyl hexanoate	0.09 ± 0.01 ^a	0.11 ± 0.02 ^a	0.25 ± 0.01 ^b	0.35 ± 0.03 ^c
Ethyl hexanoate	1.06 ± 0.02 ^b	0.58 ± 0.08 ^a	1.25 ± 0.07 ^b	0.58 ± 0.21 ^a
Hexyl acetate	0.11 ± 0.05 ^a	nd	0.43 ± 0.02 ^b	nd
Methyl octanoate	nd	nd	0.22 ± 0.01 ^b	0.20 ± 0.01 ^a
Ethyl benzoate	0.14 ± 0.05 ^a	nd	0.21 ± 0.01 ^b	nd
Ethyl octanoate	0.35 ± 0.12 ^a	nd	0.33 ± 0.02 ^a	nd
Methyl nonanoate	nd	nd	0.04 ± 0.00 ^a	0.18 ± 0.02 ^b
Ethyl nonanoate	0.11 ± 0.01 ^b	nd	0.07 ± 0.01 ^a	nd
Ethyl decanoate	0.05 ± 0.01	nd	nd	nd
Ethyl isobutanoate	0.19 ± 0.02	nd	nd	nd
Isopentyl acetate	0.38 ± 0.07 ^a	nd	0.50 ± 0.02 ^b	nd
Total	8.67 ± 0.31 ^c	2.82 ± 0.20 ^b	8.84 ± 0.71 ^c	2.08 ± 0.24 ^a
Aldehydes
Hexanal	2.08 ± 0.05 ^c	1.58 ± 0.11 ^a	1.74 ± 0.12 ^a,b	1.84 ± 0.04 ^b
Heptanal	0.24 ± 0.03 ^a	0.31 ± 0.01^b	0.22 ± 0.01 ^a	0.38 ± 0.01 ^c
Nonanal	1.02 ± 0.08 ^b	0.81 ± 0.08 ^a,b	0.62 ± 0.07 ^a	2.25 ± 0.20 ^c
Decanal	0.27 ± 0.05 ^a,b	0.33 ± 0.08^b	0.18 ± 0.03 ^a	0.23 ± 0.03 ^a
2-Hexenal	nd	0.33 ± 0.03 ^a	nd	0.37 ± 0.03 ^b
3-Methylbutanal	nd	0.58 ± 0.04 ^b	0.59 ± 0.03 ^b	0.31 ± 0.02 ^a
Benzaldehyde	1.10 ± 0.08 ^a	3.42 ± 0.44 ^c	2.37 ± 0.22 ^b	1.85 ± 0.24 ^b
Total	4.70 ± 0.14 ^a	7.34 ± 0.77 ^c	5.71 ± 0.23 ^b	7.22 ± 0.36 ^c
Hydrocarbons
Toluene	nd	0.14 ± 0.03 ^a	0.25 ± 0.02 ^b	0.13 ± 0.01 ^a
Styrene	nd	nd	0.59 ± 0.06	nd
Dodecane	0.14 ± 0.07 ^a	0.39 ± 0.06 ^b	0.31 ± 0.01 ^b	0.34 ± 0.02 ^b
2,4-Dimethylheptane	nd	nd	0.18 ± 0.01	nd
Total	0.14 ± 0.07 ^a	0.53 ± 0.08 ^b	1.33 ± 0.05 ^c	0.47 ± 0.03 ^b
Terpenes and Terpenoids
α-Pinene	0.07 ± 0.02 ^a	0.10 ± 0.00 ^a	0.44 ± 0.02^c	0.37 ± 0.04 ^b
β-Pinene	0.23 ± 0.06 ^a	0.46 ± 0.03 ^b	0.47 ± 0.04 ^b	0.22 ± 0.03 ^a
m-Cymene	0.12 ± 0.03 ^a	0.23 ± 0.03 ^b	0.52 ± 0.05^c	0.19 ± 0.02 ^b
γ-Terpinene	0.06 ± 0.02 ^a	0.13 ± 0.00 ^b	0.48 ± 0.02^d	0.32 ± 0.00^c
3-Carene	nd	0.12 ± 0.03 ^a	0.20 ± 0.04 ^b	0.11 ± 0.01 ^a
4-Carene	0.14 ± 0.06 ^a	nd	0.39 ± 0.01 ^b	0.23 ± 0.00 ^a
D-Limonene	1.50 ± 0.48 ^a	2.87 ± 0.23 ^b	1.33 ± 0.05 ^a	1.50 ± 0.28 ^a
α-Terpinolen	nd	0.83 ± 0.08 ^b	0.22 ± 0.02 ^a	0.92 ± 0.01 ^c
4-Carvomenthenol	nd	nd	0.33 ± 0.02	nd
4-Thujanol	nd	nd	0.58 ± 0.03	nd
Menthol	nd	nd	nd	0.34 ± 0.07
Myrtenol	nd	0.46 ± 0.04 ^a	1.05 ± 0.08 ^b	0.53 ± 0.02 ^a
Total	2.07 ± 0.66 ^a	5.18 ± 0.41 ^b	6.00 ± 0.19^c	4.65 ± 0.44 ^b
Lactones
Butyrolactone	0.45 ± 0.05 ^a	0.80 0.28 ^b	1.01 ± 0.07 ^b	nd

nd—not detected; the same letters in rows indicate the lack of a significant difference at p < 0.05.