MyHC	myosin heavy chain
Myf5	myogenic factor 5
MyoD	myoblast determination protein 1
Pax7	paired box protein 7
Mesp1	mesoderm posterior 1
ISl1	insulin gene enhancer protein
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor 1
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
mTORC1	mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
mTORC2	mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2
PI3K	phosphoinositide 3-kinase
AMP	adenosine monophosphate
AMPK	adenosine monophosphate -activated protein kinase
eIF4E	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E
4EBP1	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1
S6K1	ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1
IL-6	interleukin-6
TGF-β	transforming growth factor β
FGF	fibroblast growth factor
JAK2	janus kinase 2
STAT3	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
MuRF-1	muscle ring finger 1
Foxo	forkhead box O
NF-ĸB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor α
JNK	c-jun N-terminal kinase
PGC1-α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1
Cbl-b	casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b
IRS-1	insulin receptor substrate-1
ActRIIB	activin type II B receptors
CDK2	cyclin-dependent kinase 2
RJ	royal jelly
10H2DA	trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid
10HDAA	10-hydroxydecanoic acid
pRJ	protease-treated royal jelly
HDAC	histone deacetylase
GLUT4	glucose transporter type 4
GGOH	geranylgeraniol
GRAS	generally recognized as safe
GGPP	geranylgeranylpyrophosphate
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
ER	estrogen receptors
ROS	reactive oxygen species
TRPV1	transient receptor potential vanilloid 1
VDR	Vitamin D receptor