| MyHC | myosin heavy chain |
| Myf5 | myogenic factor 5 |
| MyoD | myoblast determination protein 1 |
| Pax7 | paired box protein 7 |
| Mesp1 | mesoderm posterior 1 |
| ISl1 | insulin gene enhancer protein |
| IGF-1 | insulin-like growth factor 1 |
| mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
| mTORC1 | mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 |
| mTORC2 | mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 |
| PI3K | phosphoinositide 3-kinase |
| AMP | adenosine monophosphate |
| AMPK | adenosine monophosphate -activated protein kinase |
| eIF4E | eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E |
| 4EBP1 | eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 |
| S6K1 | ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1 |
| IL-6 | interleukin-6 |
| TGF-β | transforming growth factor β |
| FGF | fibroblast growth factor |
| JAK2 | janus kinase 2 |
| STAT3 | signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
| MuRF-1 | muscle ring finger 1 |
| Foxo | forkhead box O |
| NF-ĸB | nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
| TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor α |
| JNK | c-jun N-terminal kinase |
| PGC1-α | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 |
| Cbl-b | casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b |
| IRS-1 | insulin receptor substrate-1 |
| ActRIIB | activin type II B receptors |
| CDK2 | cyclin-dependent kinase 2 |
| RJ | royal jelly |
| 10H2DA | trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid |
| 10HDAA | 10-hydroxydecanoic acid |
| pRJ | protease-treated royal jelly |
| HDAC | histone deacetylase |
| GLUT4 | glucose transporter type 4 |
| GGOH | geranylgeraniol |
| GRAS | generally recognized as safe |
| GGPP | geranylgeranylpyrophosphate |
| LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
| ER | estrogen receptors |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| TRPV1 | transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 |
| VDR | Vitamin D receptor |