Table 1.
Case reports of acute cerebrovascular events related to COVID-19.
| Region | Age, Gender | Neurological Symptoms on Admission (Day from Admission) | Other Symptoms (Onset Day Prior Neurologic Symptoms or after Admission) | Admission Serum Labs (or Day from Admission) | Imaging or EEG (Day from Admission) | Treatments Received | Outcome | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ischemic Stroke | ||||||||
| Wuhan, China | 79, M | One-day right limb weakness, mild expressive aphasia (on exam) | Cough (7 days prior) | Lymphocytopenia, ↑ CRP (36.1 mg/L), ESR (43 mm/h), & lipoprotein(a) (1276 mg/L); normal cardiac, renal, &coagulation functions | Head CT scan: lacunar cerebral infarction. 48-h Holter monitoring: paroxysmal AF. |
Oseltamivir, ribavirin, moxifloxacin, dexamethasone, clopidogrel, atorvastatin | Favorable; recovery within 12 days | [65] |
| London, UK | 64, M | Mild left arm weakness, word-finding difficulty & incoordination (day 5); evolving to bilateral incoordination & right homonymous hemianopia (day 12) |
Cough, dyspnea, fever, myalgia & poor appetite (10 days prior); evolving to respiratory failure (admission day) & PE (day 9) | ↓ Hgb (119 g/L); ↑ LDH (654 U/L), ALT (137 U/L), PT (12.5 s), fibrinogen (950 mg/dL), D-dimer (>80,000 µg/L), ferritin (4927 µg/L) & CRP (305.4 mg/L); lupus anticoagulant (+); normal CBCdiff, aPTT & INR. | Brain MRI (day 5): acute left vertebral artery thrombus and acute left PICA territory infarction with petechial hemorrhagic transformation. DWI MRI (day 12): bilateral acute PCA territory infarcts despite therapeutic anticoagulation. Lower limb Doppler ultrasound: occlusive DVT in left posterior tibial & peroneal veins. CT pulmonary angiogram (day 9): bilateral PE. |
Initially aspirin & clopidogrel; then high-intensity LMWH anticoagulation (for PE) | Poor; ICU admission | [13] |
| London, UK | 53, F | Acute confusion, incoordination, impaired consciousness (GCS 13/15) | Malaise, cough, fever & dyspnea (24 days prior) | ↓ Hgb (94 g/L); leukocytosis (WBC 23K), ↑ LDH (664 U/L), PT (34.4 s), INR (3.6), aPTT (41 s), D-dimer (7750 µg/L), ferritin (1853 µg/L) & CRP (150.1 mg/L); lupus anticoagulant (+); Normal fibrinogen & LFT. | Head CT Scan: acute right parietal cortical & left cerebellar infarct with mass effect & hydrocephalus, despite therapeutic anticoagulation. | EVD for hydrocephalus & therapeutic LMWH anticoagulation | Death due to COVID-19 related cardiorespiratory failure | [13] |
| London, UK | 85, M | Dysarthria, right facial droop, right-sided hemiparesis | Cough (10 days prior) | ↓ Hgb (128 g/L); ↑ LDH (461 U/L), D-dimer (16,100 µg/L), fibrinogen (530 mg/dL), ferritin (1027 µg/L) & CRP (161.2 mg/L); lupus anticoagulant (−); normal CBCdiff, PT, aPTT, INR & LFT. | Head CT Scan: hyperdensity consistent with thrombus in the left PCA & acute infarction in left temporal stem and cerebral peduncle. | Apixaban for AF | NR | [13] |
| London, UK | 61, M | Acute dysarthria & left facial droop & hemiparesis (2 days prior COVID-19 symptoms started) | Fever, cough, dyspnea & tachypnea (2 days after admission) | ↓ Hgb (126 g/L) & aPTT (24 s); thrombocytosis (408 K), ↑ LDH (444 U/L), fibrinogen (463 mg/dL), D-dimer (27,190 µg/L) & ferritin (1167 µg/L); lupus anticoagulant (+); normal CRP, PT, INR & LFT. | DWI brain MRI: acute infarction in the right corpus striatum suggesting transient occlusion of the M1 segment of the right MCA; FLAIR MRI: an established infarct in the same region with moderate background cerebral small vessel disease. CT pulmonary angiogram: pulmonary embolus in the left upper lobe segmental artery. |
Therapeutic LMWH anticoagulation | NR | [13] |
| London, UK | 83, M | Acute dysarthria, left facial droop & hemiparesis, & left-sided sensory inattention | Fever, cough, dyspnea & fatigue (15 days prior) | ↓ Hgb (121 g/L); leukocytosis (WBC 11K), ↑ LDH (353 U/L), fibrinogen (496 mg/dL), D-dimer (19,450 µg/L) & CRP (27.7 mg/L); lupus anticoagulant (+); normal PT, aPTT, INR & LFT. | Head CT/CT angiogram: thrombotic occlusion of a proximal M2 branch of the right MCA; Repeat CT (24 h): a focus of parenchymal low density involving the right insular cortex in keeping with an evolving right MCA territory infarct |
Intravenous thrombolysis | NR | [13] |
| London, UK | 73, M | Acute aphasia & right facial droop & hemiparesis | Dyspnea & tachypnea (8 days prior) | Thrombocytosis (403 K), ↑ LDH (439 U/L), PT (12.3 s), D-dimer (1080 µg/L), ferritin (655 µg/L) & CRP (179.9 mg/L); lupus anticoagulant (+); normal PT, aPTT, INR & LFT. | DWI brain MRI: acute infarction in the right thalamus, left pons, right occipital lobe and right cerebellar hemisphere. Time-of-flight images: thrombotic material in the basilar artery and bilateral mild-to-moderate P2 segment stenosis. |
Intravenous thrombolysis, decreasing D-dimer (1080 μg/L). | NR | [13] |
| New York, USA | 33, F | 28-h left hemiplegia, facial droop, gaze preference, homonymous hemianopia, dysarthria, sensory deficit, admission NIHSS 19 | Cough, headache & chills (7 days prior) | ↑ fibrinogen (501 mg/dL); normal WBC, platelets, PT, aPTT, D-dimer & ferritin. | Head CT/CT angiogram/MRI: partial infarction of the right MCA with a partially occlusive thrombus in the right carotid artery at the cervical bifurcation. | Apixaban (5 mg twice daily) | Favorable; complete resolution of thrombus in repeat CT angiogram (day 10), follow up NIHSS 13 (day 14) | [64] |
| New York, USA | 37, M | 16-h impaired consciousness, dysphasia, right hemiplegia, dysarthria, sensory deficit, admission NIHSS 13 | No symptoms; exposed to family member with PCR-positive COVID-19 |
⭡ aPTT (42.7 s); normal WBC, platelets, PT, INR, fibrinogen, D-dimer & ferritin. | Head CT/CT angiogram/MRI: left MCA territory ischemic infarction | Clot retrieval, apixaban (5 mg twice daily) | Favorable; follow up NIHSS 5 (day 10) | [64] |
| New York, USA | 39, M | 8-h impaired consciousness, gaze preference to the right, left homonymous hemianopia, left hemiplegia, ataxia, admission NIHSS 16 | No symptoms | ↑ fibrinogen (739 mg/dL), D-dimer (2230 µg/L) & ferritin (1564 µg/L); normal CBCdiff, PT & aPTT. | Head CT/CT angiogram/MRI: right PCA territory ischemic infarction | Clot retrieval, aspirin (81 mg/day) | Poor; multiple organ failure & intubated/sedated in ICU | [64] |
| New York, USA | 44, M | 2-h impaired consciousness, global dysphasia, right hemiplegia, gaze preference, admission NIHSS 23 | Lethargy | ↑ D-dimer (13,800 µg/L) & ferritin (987 µg/L); normal CBCdiff, LFT, RFT, PT, aPTT & fibrinogen. | Head CT/CT angiogram/MRI: left MCA territory ischemic infarction | IV t-PA, clot retrieval, hemicraniectomy, & aspirin (81 mg/day) |
NR; stay in stroke unit, follow up NIHSS 19 (day 12) | [64] |
| New York, USA | 49, M | 8-h impaired consciousness, left hemiplegia, dysarthria, facial weakness, admission NIHSS 13 | Fever, cough & lethargy | ↑ PT (15.2 s), aPTT (37 s), fibrinogen (531 mg/dL), D-dimer (1750 µg/L) & ferritin (596 µg/L); normal CBCdiff, LFT & RFT. | Head CT/CT angiogram/MRI: right MCA territory ischemic infarction | Clot retrieval & stent, aspirin (325 mg/day), & clopidogrel (75 mg/day) | Favorable; follow up NIHSS 7 (day 4) | [64] |
| New York, USA | 73, M | Acute altered mental status with hypoxemic respiratory failure (intubation) | Fever & dyspepsia (admission); nausea, vomiting & poor appetite (2 days prior) | ⭡ CRP (26 mg/dL), prolonged PT (13.5 s), normal aPTT, LFT, & RFT; D-dimer, CRP & ferritin not checked. | Head CT scan: loss of gray-white differentiation at the left occipital & parietal lobes, consistent with acute infarction. Repeat CT head: progression toward a large acute infarct of the left MCA territory with hyperdense appearance of left MCA vessels - consistent with an acute thrombus. |
Aspirin & supportive care | Poor; comfort measures only & terminally extubation | [66] |
| New York, USA | 83, F | Admission: acute left facial droop, slurred speech, admission NIHSS 2. Day 3: left hemineglect, worsening left facial droop, & left hemiparesis, NIHSS 16 |
Fever & poor oral intake (admission) | Leukopenia & lymphocytopenia; D-dimer not checked. | Head CT/ CT angiogram (admission): No acute change, focal moderate stenosis of right MCA. Head CT (day 3): new moderate hypodensity in the right frontal lobe representing acute infarction. |
Integrellin not started due to respiratory failure | Poor; respiratory failure & withdrawal of care | [66] |
| New York, USA | 80, F | Acute altered mental status, aphasia & left side weakness, admission NIHSS 36 | No symptoms; frequent falls (for 7 days) | Leukocytosis, lymphocytopenia, ⭡ D-dimer (13,966 µg/L), LDH (712 U/L) & CRP (16.24 mg/dL); prolonged PT (15.2 s); normal procalcitonin, aPTT, LFT & RFT. |
Head CT scan: an acute right MCA stroke. Head/neck CTA: occlusion of the right internal carotid artery at origin. CT perfusion: a 305-cc core infarct in the right MCA distribution and a surrounding 109 cc ischemic penumbra. |
Supportive care | Poor, comfort measures only and terminally extubation | [66] |
| New York, USA | 88, F | Transient 15-min right arm weakness & numbness, & word-finding difficulty | Mild dyspnea & cough (admission) | ⭡ D-dimer (3442 µg/L), CRP (12.7 mg/L) & IL-6 (8.5 pg/mL); prolonged PT (13.5 s); normal ferritin, procalcitonin, aPTT, Hgb, CBCdiff, LDH, LFT & RFT. | Head CT scan: normal. Brain MRI: acute infarct in the left medial temporal lobe. Head/neck MR angiogram: mild stenosis of the right M1 segment |
Aspirin & statins | Favorable | [66] |
| New York, USA | 52, M | Acute global aphasia, right hemiparesis & left gaze preference, admission NIHSS 20 | Fever, cough & dyspnea (7 days prior) | ⭡ D-dimer (>10,000 µg/L), fibrinogen (235 mg/dL), ferritin (588 µg/L), CRP (11 mg/L) & ESR (37 mm/h). | Head CT scan: hyperdensity of the M1 segment of the left MCA. Head/neck CT angiogram: a left intracranial internal carotid artery occlusion. Repeat CT head: early infarct signs of in the left basal ganglia, internal capsule, caudate head, insular ribbon, operculum, & right posterior frontal lobe. CT perfusion: a favorable mismatch ratio of 4.1 |
IV alteplase, clot retrieval, aspirin, statin, & hydroxychloroquine | Partial recovery upon discharge | [67] |
| New Jersey, USA | 84, M | Respiratory distress & unequal pupils | Fever, dyspnea, cough, & abdominal pain (14 days prior) | Lymphocytopenia, ↑ D-dimer (21,600 µg/L) & procalcitonin (0.25 ng/mL). | Head/neck CT/CTA: distal basilar artery occlusion extending into the proximal PCA, small aortic arch thrombus. Chest CT: bilateral lobar pulmonary emboli |
LMWH (for PE); Clot retrieval | Death (Day 1) | [68] |
| Detroit, USA | 72, F | Impaired consciousness, GCS 3 (day 10) | Progressive cough, myalgia, & dyspnea (21 days prior) | Admission: leukocytosis, acute kidney injury, transaminitis, & rhabdomyolysis; ↑ CRP & ferritin. Day 7: ↑ aPTT (28.5 s), PT (13.5 s), INR (1.32), mild thrombocytopenia (146K), |
Head CT scan (day 10): bilateral cerebral infarcts in multiple vascular territories including cortical & subcortical regions. | Palliative care | Death | [69] |
| Philadelphia, USA | 62, F | First admission: acute aphasia & right hemiparesis.2nd admission (10 days after): altered mental status | No symptoms | Negative COVID-19 rRT-PCR in CSF (two times in 2nd admission). | Head CT angiogram (first admission): left MCA occlusion. Head CT scan (2nd admission): hemorrhagic conversion with midline shift & obstructive hydrocephalus |
Clot retrieval (first admission), decompressive hemicraniectomy & EVD (2nd admission) | Poor; stay in ICU | [14] |
| Los Angeles, USA | 70s, | Acute aphasia, right hemiparesis & facial droop (day 5) | acute chest pain, diaphoresis, & hypotension with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (admission) | ↑ aPTT (>85.5) while on heparin, renal failure, normal platelet count | Brain MRI: 60-cc acute infarct in the left insular, temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes, as well as smaller acute infarcts in the right caudate & left cerebellar hemisphere. MR angiogram: left MCA proximal M1 segment occlusion. |
Palliative care | Poor | [70] |
| Toulouse, France | 73, M | 9-h acute aphasia & right hemiparesis, admission NIHSS 10 | Fever & cough (7 days prior) | Lymphocytopenia, ⭡ CRP (219 mg/L), ferritin (109.6 µ/dL), fibrinogen (820 mg/dL) & D-dimer (2220 µg/L); normal platelets; negative antiphospholipid antibodies. | Head CT/CT angiogram/perfusion/MRI: subtle cortical left frontal hypoattenuation with more extended surrounding hypoperfusion & distal occlusion of left MCA branch; a large intraluminal floating thrombus appended to a hypoattenuated non-stenosing plaque of the left common carotid artery wall. | LMWH anticoagulation (enoxaparin) | Favorable; resolution of thrombus on carotid ultrasound (15 days after onset); follow up NIHSS 3 (day 10, discharge day) | [71] |
| Ronse, Belgium | 74, F | Continued unconsciousness after extubation on day 16 & a mild endorotation of the arms | Fever, dyspnea & cough (7 days prior); evolving to hypoxic respiratory failure & intubation (admission day 3) | Slight lymphocytopenia, ⭡ CRP (18.79 mg/L), procalcitonin (1.93 ng/mL), ferritin (846.1 μg/L) & mild ⭡ creatinine (1.02 mg/dL); Day 2: ⭡ D-dimer (2504 µg/L). Day 16: ⭡ D-dimer (3941 µg/L) & fibrinogen (606 mg/dL); normal PT & platelets. |
Head CT scan: large left MCA ischemic infarction with additional edema and midline shift; hyperdense artery sign was seen due to a thrombotic occlusion at the transition of the left internal carotid artery to the origin of the MCA. | Palliative care | Death (day 16) | [72] |
| Bilbao, Spain | 36, F | 48-h aphasia & acute right hemiplegia, admission NIHSS 21 | No symptoms | Leukocytosis (23.6K), ⭡ CK (8669 U/L) & D-dimer (7540 µg/L) & CRP (15.6 mg/L). | Head CT scan: established infarct in the left MCA territory with a mild deviation of the midline. Head/neck CT angiogram: occlusion of the left internal carotid artery, MCA & ACA with a free-floating thrombus in the ascending aorta with no signs of aortic atheromatosis. CT pulmonary angiogram: bilateral PE. |
Palliative care | Death within 72 h | [73] |
| Intracranial hemorrhage | ||||||||
| Philadelphia, USA | 31, M | Acute headache & loss of consciousness | Malaise, fever, cough & arthralgia (7 days prior) | Negative COVID-19 rRT-PCR in CSF. | Head CT scan: SAH centered in the posterior fossa, including the 4th ventricle with hydrocephalus. Head CT angiogram: right-sided ruptured dissecting PICA aneurysm. |
EVD for hydrocephalus & flow-diverting stent for aneurysm | Favorable; gradual improvement in mental status | [14] |
| Düsseldorf, Germany | 60, F | Loss of consciousness | Concurrent respiratory insufficiency requiring intubation | Leukocytosis (14.2K), ⭡ troponin (45 ng/mL), CK (4920 U/L), CRP (11 mg/L), LDH (360 U/L) & GGT (103 U/L); normal CSF study. | Head CT/CT angiogram: left frontal haemorrhage with ventricle bleeding from a ruptured pericallosal artery aneurysm (~5 mm). CT perfusion (day 3, 6, 9 & 12): no cerebral vasospasm. |
Aneurysm clipping & pneumonia treatment | Favorable | [74] |
| Brescia, Italy | 57, M | Bilaterally fixed & dilated pupils, GCS 3 (day 11) | Fever & cough (7 days prior), worsening dyspnea (3 days prior) | Day 4: ↑ CRP, LDH, AST, & GGT.Day 11: prolonged aPTT (53.1 s), ↑ D-dimer (2866 µg/L). | Head CT scan (day 11): bilateral cerebellar hemispheric hemorrhage with 4th ventricle & brainstem compression and supratentorial hydrocephalus & diffuse obliteration of sulci. CT angiogram: Normal. |
NR | Death (1 h after CT) | [43] |
| Brescia, Italy | 57, M | bilaterally fixed and dilated pupils, GCS 3 (day 12) | Fever & cough (10 days prior), dyspnea (3 days prior) | Admission: ↑ CRP (21 mg/L), LDH (771 U/L), AST (100 U/L), GGT (152 U/L). | Head CT scan: diffuse cerebral edema with a large right frontal hemorrhage extending to ventricles. | LMWH (for PE) prior neurological deterioration | Death (shortly after CT) | [43] |
| Sari, Iran | 79, M | Acute loss of consciousness | Fever & cough (3 days prior) | Lymphocytopenia, thrombocytosis (210 K); prolonged PT (12 s), INR (1), & aPTT (64 s); ↑ ESR (85 mm/h), CRP (10 mg/L), & creatinine (1.4 mg/dL); normal LFT | Head CT scan: massive right-hemispheric hemorrhage extending to ventricles & SAH | NR | NR | [75] |
| Cerebral venous thrombosis | ||||||||
| Wales, UK | 59, M | First admission: 4-day progressive headache Second admission (4 days later): acute right sided weakness & numbness, slurred speech, expressive aphasia, admission NIHSS 10 |
First admission: fever & hypertension. | Prolonged aPTT (22.3 s), ⭡ CRP (15 mg/L) & creatinine (57 mg/dL); normal CBCdiff, PT & fibrinogen. | Head CT scan (1st admission): hyperdensity within the superior sagittal sinus, right transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus & upper right internal jugular vein suggestive of venous thrombosis. Head CT venogram (1st admission): normal; however, it was re-reviewed 4 days later (2nd admission): filling defect in the right sigmoid & transverse sinus involving the torcula. |
LMWH | Favorable; NIHSS 4 within 24 h | [32] |
| New York, USA | 38, M | Seven-day headache & 2-day impaired consciousness; evolving to extensor posturing of the arms & clonus with NIHSS 14 | Persistent diarrhea & vomiting (10 days prior) | NR | Head CT scan: Hyperdensity in the straight sinus, distal superior sagittal sinus, torcular & right transverse sinus, & in several cortical veins adjacent to the superior sagittal sinus, suggestive of cerebral venous thrombosis.Head CT venogram: near-occlusive thrombus in the right internal cerebral vein. | Enoxaparin (70 mg subcutaneously twice a day) & clot retrieval, lopinavir, ritonavir | Death within 32 h | [76] |
| New York, USA | 41, F | Acute confusion, global aphasia & left gaze preference, admission NIHSS 16; rapidly worsening mental status & extensor posturing to noxious stimulation requiring intubation | Prior admission for COVID-19 | ⭡ D-dimer (2032 µg/L). CSF: ⭡ protein (616 mg/dL) & 41 WBC (PMN 84%), normal glucose. |
Head CT/CT angiogram (admission): normal. Repeat CT head: a venous infarction in the left basal ganglia, thalamus, & mesial temporal lobe with hemorrhagic transformation, intraventricular hemorrhage, & obstructive hydrocephalus. Head CT venogram: occlusion of the internal cerebral veins. |
EVD & heparin infusion | Death within 4 days | [76] |
| New York, USA | 32, M | One-week headache & impaired consciousness | Concurrent 7-day fever & dry cough | ↑ Glucose (1384 mg/dL), D-dimer (>11000 µg/L) & ferritin (18,431 µg/L) | Head CT scan: patchy areas of low density in the bilateral cerebral hemispheres with foci of subcortical hemorrhage in the left parieto-occipital region. Head CT angiogram: normal. Brain MRI: confluent, nonenhancing regions of pathologically reduced diffusion throughout the subcortical & deep hemispheric white matter bilaterally, left greater than right. Punctate foci of susceptibility artifacts consistent with petechial hemorrhage on gradient recalled-echo images, suspecting diabetic ketoacidosis related venous thrombosis. |
Azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine | Death within few days | [76] |
| Rome, Italy | 44, F | Ingravescent dyspnea, headache, impaired consciousness, aphasia & right hemiparesis | Fever, cough & dyspnea (14 days prior) | Neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia (42 K); ↑ D-dimer (5975 µg/L), CK-MB (6.9 µg/L),; Negative anti-cardiolipin, -β2-glycoprotein & -dsDNA antibodies | Head CT angiogram: Dural sinus thrombosis with poor representation of left internal cerebral vein. Pulmonary CT angiogram: Filling defect within the inferior trunk of the right pulmonary artery and along the superior vena cava by thrombi. |
NR | NR | [77] |
| Paris, France | 62, F | Headache & altered vision, evolving to sudden right hemicorporeal deficit & impaired consciousness | Fever, cough &dyspnea (15 days prior) | Leukocytosis (20 K); ↑ AST (54 U/L), ALT (68 U/L), GGT (87 U/L), & D-dimer (14,200 µg/L) | Head CT scan & brain MRI: large confluent intraparenchymal hemorrhage in the left fronto-temporal lobes. CT venogram: cerebral venous thrombosis of the left transverse sinus, straight vein, vein of Galen and internal cerebral veins. |
NR | NR | [16] |
| Paris, France | 54, F | Severe headache | Fever & asthenia (14 days prior) | Leukocytosis (18K), ↑ CRP (170.8 mg/L) & D-dimer (2360 µg/L) | Head CT scan & brain MRI: large hemorrhagic infarction in the left temporal lobe. CT venogram and MR angiography: cerebral venous thrombosis of the left transverse sinus |
NR | NR | [16] |
| Madrid, Spain | 13, F | Impaired consciousness & intense headache | Fever, cough, & odynophagia (7 days prior) followed by frontal headache & vomiting | Leukocytosis (14.4 K), lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia; ↑ D-dimer (33,960 µg/L), CRP (12.55 mg/dL), LDH (322 U/L), & ferritin (240 ng/mL); fibrinogen (0 mg/dL). | Head CT scan: right occipital intracerebral hemorrhage. MR angiogram: bilateral transverse sinus thrombosis extending to right sigmoid sinus & internal jugular vein.Body angio-CT scan (day 3): thrombosis progression towards the posterior half of superior sagittal sinus, bilateral PE & bilateral deep femoral and iliac veins thrombosis reaching infrarenal cava. |
IV fluid, empiric antibiotics, hypertonic saline, Fibrinogen, platelet & plasma transfusion; later lopinavir, ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, & azithromycin; LMWH | Favorable; recovery within 24 days | [78] |
↑, increased; ↓, decreased; AF, atrial fibrillation; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ACA, anterior cerebral artery; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CBCdif, complete blood counts with differential; CK, creatine kinase; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CRP, C-reactive protein; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; EVD, external ventricular drainage; F, female; GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase; Hgb, hemoglobulin; ICA, internal carotid artery; IL, interleukin; INR, international normalized ratio; LAC, lupus anticoagulant; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LFT, liver function test; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin; M, male; MCA, middle cerebral artery; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; NR, not reported; PCA, posterior cerebral artery; PE, pulmonary embolism; PICA, posterior–inferior cerebellar artery; PMN, polymorphonuclear; PT, prothrombin time; RFT, renal function test; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; t-PA, tissue plasminogen activator; WBC, white blood cell; WFD, word finding difficulty.