Table 3.
Sensors Overview.
| Reference, Year | Sensor Type (Brand) | Number, (Body Location), Fixation | Sampling Frequency | Variables | Data Analysis Tool |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bzduskova et al., 2018 [32] | Dual axis accel (ADXL202) | 2, (T4, L5), NS | 100 Hz | Low pass filtered; cut-off frequency 5 Hz; Butterworth filter; calibration for ±30° range body tilt | MATLAB software |
| Craig et al., 2017 [36] | Triaxial accel/gyro (Opal) | 6, (sternum, L5, bilat wrists, bilat ankles), elastic straps | 128 Hz | Accel ranges ± 16 g, ±200 g; gyro range ±2000 deg/s | Mobility Lab software (APDM) |
| Dalton et al., 2013 [38] | Triaxial accel (AD-BRC) |
1, (sternum), NS | 250 Hz | Range ± 2.5–10 g, calibration by rotation through established angles; high pass filtered, 3rd order normalized elliptical filter, passband frequency 0.25 Hz | MATLAB software |
| De Vos et al., 2020 [33] | Triaxial accel/gyro (Opal) | 6, (sternum, L5, bilat wrists, bilat feet), NS | 100 Hz | Wireless data stream to laptop | Mobility Lab software |
| Greene et al., 2012 [28] | Triaxial accel/gyro (SHIMMER) | 1, (L3), adhesive tape | 102.4 Hz | Calibration using standard method; data streamed via Bluetooth to laptop | MATLAB |
| Hasegawa et al., 2019 [34] | Triaxial accel/gyro (Opal) | 8, (sternum, L5, bilat wrists, bilat shins, bilat feet), elastic straps | 128 Hz | Unscented Kalman Filter | Mobility Lab (APDM) and MATLAB |
| Heebner et al., 2015 [25] | Triaxial accel (ADXL78) | 1, (L5), neoprene belt | 100 Hz | Range ± 16 g, built in data acquisition and storage, low pass filter 50 Hz | MATLAB |
| Jimenez-Moreno et al., 2019 [39] | Triaxial accel (GENEActiv) | 4, (bilat wrists, bilat ankles), elastic band | 100 Hz | Output metric ENMO–mg. | R software |
| Leiros-Rodriguez et al., 2016 [27] | Triaxial accel (GT3 Plus) | 3, (T4, L4, L5), adhesive tape | 100 Hz | Configured 1 s timeframe. Concurrent analysis video & accelerometry data; reviewed analysis. | ActiLife software |
| Liu et al., 2012 [29] | Triaxial accel/gyro (MTX Xsens) |
2, (L5, ankle), NS | 50 Hz | Maximum Lyapunov exponent | MATLAB |
| Mancini et al., 2016 [35] | Triaxial accel/gyro (Opal validity; MTX Xsens reliability) | 6 validity/3 reliability (sternum, L5, bilat wrists, bilat ankles) elastic straps | 128 Hz Opal; 50 Hz MTX Xsens | 3.5 Hz cut-off, zero-phase, low-pass Butterworth filter. Resampling from inertial sensor, force platform and infrared cameras at 50 Hz. | MATLAB |
| Martinez-Mendez et al., 2011 [26] | Unit with triaxial accel (MMA, Freescale) & gyros (X3500 Epson; ENC-03RC Matura) | 2, (L3/4, ankle of dominant foot), NS | 100 Hz | Accel range ± 1.5 g, gyro range ± 80 deg/s; response freq 0.01–58 Hz. Bluetooth transmission | MATLAB |
| Matsushima et al., 2015 [40] | Triaxial accel (Jukudai Mate) |
1, (L3), elastic belt | 20 Hz | Detection range ± 10 g; resolution power 0.02 g | BIMUTAS II |
| O’Brien et al., 2019 [42] | Triaxial accel/gyro (BioStampRC) | 1, (L5), Tegaderm adhesive film | 31.25 Hz | Accel ± 4 g; gyro ± 2000 deg/s; 4th order low pass Butterworth filter 2 Hz; acquisition with BioStampRC | MATLAB |
| Rivolta et al., 2019 [30] | Triaxial accel (GENEActiv) | 1, (chest), elastic band | 50 Hz | 12 bits over range ± 8 g; chronometer for starting time; high pass 3rd order Butterworth filter | Manually segmented accel signals; GENEActiv software |
| Senanayake et al., 2013 [43] | Triaxial accel/gyro (KinetiSense) | 4, (bilat thighs, bilat shins), NS | 128 Hz | Wireless transmission via USB | KinetiSense and MATLAB |
| Spain, St George et al., 2012 [37] | Triaxial accel/gyro (XSens) | 6, (sternum, L5, bilat wrists, bilat ankles), NS | 50 Hz | Accel range ± 1.7 g; gyro range ± 300 deg/s. Filtered with 3.5 Hz cutoff, zero phase, low pass Butterworth filter | MATLAB |
| Tang et al., 2019 [31] | Triaxial accel (ADXL330) | 2, (hip, foot), NS | 400 Hz, down sampled to 25 Hz | Common and Activity Specific features extracted; mRMR feature selection | MATLAB |
| Velazquez-Perez et al., 2020 [41] | Triaxial accel/gyro (Opal) |
6, (Hands, feet, sternum, L5), NS | NS | NS | STATISTICA |
Key: accel accelerometer; deg degrees rotation; freq frequency; g gravitational velocity (m/s2); gyro gyroscope; Hz hertz; mRMR minimal-redundancy-maximal-relevance; NS not stated; s second.