Table 1.

Probiotics, post-biotics, and para-probiotics: tolDC induction and other effects.

Probiotics	Strain	Type of Treatment	Source of DC	Donor	Main Results	Reference
L. gasseri	OLL28099	Bacteria	Mouse BMDC	WT mice	Modulation of DCs’ maturation	Mazzeo et al. [85]
L. delbrueckii	subsp lactis	Bacteria	Human PBMC	Healthy volunteers and SLE patients	Induction of T-regs	Esmaili et al. [84]
L. rhamnosus	GG	Soluble mediators (LSM)	Human PBMC	Healthy volunteers	Modulation of DCs’ functions, induction of Foxp3+ T cells	Ludwig et al. [62]
		Soluble factors	Human PBMC	Healthy volunteers	Induction of IL-10 production in DCs; DCs’ immunomodulation	Fong et al. [93]
		Bacteria	Human PBMC	Healthy volunteers	Modulation of DCs’ function, induction of IL-10 production and T cell priming capability of DCs	You et al. [58]
L. crispatus	SJ-3C-US	Bacteria	Human PBMC	Healthy volunteers	Modulation of DCs’ function, induction of DCs’ maturation and high IL-10 production in DCs, induction of T-regs	Eslami et al. [87]
L. plantarum	-	STp	Human colonic DCs	UC patients	Modulation of DCs’ function and restoration of tolDCs in human gut DCs	Al-Hassi et al. [26]
	BMCM12	STp	Human PBMC	Healthy volunteers	Modulation of DCs’ phenotype and function, regulatory effects on gut DCs	Bernardo et al. [86]
L. casei	Shirota	Bacteria	Human PBMC	UC patients	Restoration of dysregulated DCs’ function in UC	Mann et al. [87]
L. salivarius	-	Bacteria	Human PBMC	CD and UC patients	Modulation of Crohn’s DCs, increased production of IL-10 and TGF-β, decreased production of IL-12	Ghavami et al. [69]
L. paracasei	B21060	Bacteria and its supernatant	Human PBMC	-	Stimulation of DCs and suppression of T cell inflammatory cytokine production	Mileti et al. [95]
L. acidophilus	NCFM	SlpA	Human PBMC	Healthy volunteers	Modulation of DCs’ and T cells’ functions, induction of IL-10 production in DCs	Konstantinov et al. [96]
L. reuteri	-	Bacteria	Human PBMC	Nd	Modulation of DCs’ function, DCs’ maturation, and induction of T-regs	Smits et al. [66]
B. bifidum	-	Bacteria	Human PBMC	CD and UC patients	Induction of CD80 and CD86 expression in CD patients. Induction of IL-10 and TGF-β production in a dose-independent manner	Ghavami et al. [69]
B. longum	infantis CCUG 52486	Bacteria	Human PBMC	Healthy volunteers	Modulation of DCs’ function, induction of IL-10 production and T cell priming capability of DCs	You et al. [58]
B. breve	C50v	Supernatant	Human PBMC	Healthy volunteers	Induction of maturation, activation, and survival of DCs survival through TLR2, and increased IL-10 production	Hoarau et al. [70,71]
B. subtilis	-	Bacteria	Human PBMC	CD and UC patients	Increased levels of TGF-β in DCs from UC patients	Ghavami et al. [69]
B. coagulans	-	Bacteria	Human PBMC	CD and UC patients	Increased levels of TGF-β in DCs from CD patients	Ghavami et al. [69]
B. thetaiotaomicron	VPI-5482	Freeze-killed bacteria	Human Colonic DC	Healthy volunteers	Increased levels of IL-10 compared to UC and CD patients	Durant et al. [76]
		PSA OMV	Human PBMC	Healthy volunteers UC and CD patients	Induction of IL-10 production in healthy colon and blood DCs and promotion of regulatory DC responses
B. fragilis	NCTC9343	PSA OMV	Mouse BMDC	WT and colitis mice	Induction of tolDCs’ function, increased T-regs and anti-inflammatory cytokine production, and protection from colitis	Shen et al. [74]
F. prausnitzii	-	Bacteria	Human PBMC	Healthy volunteers	Modulation of DCs’ function, induction of tolDCs and T-regs, induction of IL-10 production	Alameddine et al. [89]
		Bacteria	Human PBMC	Healthy volunteers	Induction of IL-10 production and DCs’ maturation	Rossi et al. [90]
E. coli Nissle	1917	MV	Human PBMC	Healthy volunteers	Modulation of DCs’ function, DCs’ maturation and induction of T-regs response	Diaz-Garrido et al. [100]

SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus, BMDCs: bone marrow DCs, MLNDCs: mesenteric lymph nodes DCs, WT: wild type mice, STp: serine–threonine peptide, PGN: peptidoglycan, Slp A: surface layer protein A, MV: membrane vesicles, OMV: outer membrane vesicles.