Table 1.
Information on flavonoids for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy
| Compound | Animal/Cell model | Dosage | Target/Pathways/Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quercetin | Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 50 mg/kg/d | TNF-α/IL-1β/AGEs | [31] |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 150–350 mg/kg | TNF-α-p38 MAP kinase signalling pathway | [32] | |
| Leprdb/Leprdb(db/db) mice | 50–100 mg/kg | SCAP-SREBP2-LDLr signalling pathway | [33] | |
| Leprdb/Leprdb(db/db) mice | 100–150 mg/kg | Hippo pathway | [40] | |
| Sprague Dawley rats | 10 mg/kg | IcaM-1 | [35] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 100 mg/kg | NF-kB/SIRT1 | [36] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats/NRK-52E cells | 10 mg/kg | reduce ROS | [39] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 25 mg/kg | TGF-β1 | [38] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 25–100 mg/kg | NLRP3 | [34] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 50 mg/kg | TGF-β1/CTGF | [37] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 10 mg/kg | PKC/MARK pathway | [41] | |
| Human mesangial cell (HMC) | 100 µM (in vitro) | NF-κB signalling pathway | [42] | |
| Baicalin | High glucose-induced podocyte | 6.25–25 μM (in vitro) | Sirtuin 1/NF-κB signalling pathway | [46] |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN mice | 15–45 mg/kg/d | microRNA-124/TLR4/NF-κB axis | [47] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN mice | 160 mg/kg | MAPK pathway/NF-κB signalling// TGF-β/Smad3 pathway | [48] | |
| Kaempferol | Streptozotocin-induced DN mice | 10 mg/kg | TRAF6 | [51] |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN mice/GLUTag cell lines | 50–200 mg/kg;1–50 μM (in vitro) | GLP-1/RhoA/Rho kinase | [53] | |
| NRK-52E and RPTEC cells | 5–50 μM(in vitro) | RhoA/Rho kinase | [52] | |
| Myricetin | Streptozotocin with cadmium induced DN rats | 1.0–1.5 mg/kg | SREBP-1a/SREBP-1c/SREBP-2/TGF-β1/VEGF/PPAR-α | [59] |
| Streptozotocin with cadmium induced DN rats | 1.0 mg/kg | GLUT-2/GLUT-4/IRS-1/IRS-2/PKB | [58] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 6 mg/d | GPx/XO | [57] | |
| Rutin | Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 100 mg/kg | MMPs | [63] |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 10–90 mg/kg | TGF-β1/Smad/ECM and TGF-β1/CTGF/ECM signalling pathways | [64] | |
| HRGECs | 12.5–50 μM (in vitro) | ROS/Rhoa/ROCK Signalling Pathway | [65] | |
| Glomerular mesangial cells | 0.2–0.8 μM (in vitro) | ACTA2 and p38 protein | [66] | |
| Alloxan-induced DN rats | 100 mg/kg | AQP2/AQP3/V2R | [67] | |
| Alloxan-induced DN rats | 100 mg/kg | GF-β1/GRP78/CHOP | [68] | |
| Apigenin | Streptozotocin-induced DN mice | 20 mg/kg | TNF-α/IL-6/NF-κB/MAPK signalling pathway | [72] |
| HK-2 cells | 100–200 μM (in vitro) | Nrf2/HO-1 | [71] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN mice | 25–50 mg/kg | Nrf2/HO-1/NF-kB Signalling Pathway | [71] | |
| Luteolin | Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 80 mg/kg | Nphs2 | [74] |
| Leprdb/Leprdb(db/db) mice | 50 mg/kg | STAT3 pathway | [75] | |
| Nesangial cells MPC-5 cells | 30 μM (in vitro) | IL-1β/NLRP3 | [76] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 200 mg/kg | SOD/MDA/HO-1 | [77] | |
| Naringin | Rat glomerular mesangial cells | 5–80 μM (in vitro) | NLRP3 | [80] |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 20–80 mg/kg | NOX4 | [81] | |
| Naringenin | Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 5–10 mg/kg | IL-1 | [82] |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 50 mg/kg | let-7a/TGFBR1 signalling pathway | [83] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats/NRK-52E cells | 25–75 mg/kg; 0.01–1 μM (in vitro) | CYP4A/20-HETE/PPARs | [84] | |
| Hesperidin | Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 50–150 mg/kg | Nrf2/ARE/glo1 pathway | [88] |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 100 mg/kg | α-KL/FGF-23 pathway | [89] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 40 mg/kg | TGF-β1-ILK-Akt signalling pathway | [90] | |
| Genistein | Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 10 mg/kg | ERK | [93] |
| Alloxan-induced DN rats | 0.025–0.1% | NF-kB/(MCP-1)/TGFβ-1 | [94] | |
| Mouse podocyte cell lines | 20 μM (in vitro) | mTOR signalling pathway | [95] | |
| Proanthocyanidin | Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 250 mg/kg | Nrf2 signalling pathway | [98] |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 250 mg/kg | Caspase-12 pathway | [99] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 250 mg/kg | AGEs/RAGE | [100] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 125–500 mg/kg | AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1a signalling/PGC-1α/SIRT1/AMPK | [101] | |
| Streptozotocin-induced DN rats | 500 mg/kg | TGF-β1/AGEs/RAGE/CTGF | [102] | |
| Eriodictyol | Mesangial cells MPC-5 cells | 0–25 μm (in vitro) | Akt/NF‐κB pathway | [104] |
| Morin | Mesangial cells MPC-5 cells | 25–50 μm (in vitro) | p38 MAPK/JNK signalling pathway | [107] |
| Tangeretin | db/db mice | 10 mg/kg | EMT/E-cadherin/P-cadherin | [109] |
| Human glomerular mesangial cells | 0–26 μm (in vitro) | ROS/MDA/FN/ERK signalling pathway | [110] |