Fig. 4.

Pregnancy exposure to TiO₂NPs did not affect maternal behaviors of mice after delivery. The maternal behaviors were assessed at postnatal day (PD) 6 and PD8. A Effects of TiO₂NPs on the frequency of eating of dams. B Effects of TiO₂NPs on the frequency of drinking of dams. C Effects of TiO₂NPs on the frequency of self-grooming of dams. D Effects of TiO₂NPs on the frequency of self-licking of dams. E Effects of TiO₂NPs on the frequency of pups-licking. F Effects of TiO₂NPs on the frequency of nest build. G The pup retrieval test was performed at PD3 and PD5, and the latency of pups-retrieval of each group was monitored. Data were presented as mean ± S.E.M. Statistical analysis was performed by using repeated-measure ANOVA or independent student t test or Mann–Whitney U test