Figure 5.

Tastants enhance retronasal smell intensity. Smell intensity was measured using the general Labeled Magnitude Scale after participants (both groups combined) savored samples in their whole mouth with nose clips off. *Significantly different from low concentration by 2-way ANOVA, main effect of concentration; P < 0.05. Data are mean values ± SEM. BD, barely detectable. Note: both sucrose solutions contained 0.78 g strawberry extract; both citric acid solutions, 0.78 g lemon extract; NaCl solutions were prepared in the same vegetable broth, and caffeine solutions were prepared from 2 doses of the same instant coffee.