. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Ophthalmol. 2021 Feb 8;229:52–62. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.02.008

Table 1:

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the AFEDS overall and across VFL severity categories

Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics	Analytic Cohort (n = 5,121)^*		Visual Field Loss Severity Categories (n = 4,207)^†
			No VFL (n = 2,348)		Unilateral				Bilateral				P-Value^‡	Trend Test^⋄
			No VFL (n = 2,348)		Mild (n = 848)		Moderate to Severe (n = 92)		Mild (n = 792)		Moderate to Severe (n = 127)		P-Value^‡	Trend Test^⋄

Age, Mean Years (SD)	60.68	(11.00)	58.26	(9.83)^a	60.92	(10.78)^b	62.86	(9.48)^b,c	64.25	(12.10)^c,d	66.91	(12.11)^d	< 0.001	< 0.001
Comorbidities, Mean (SD)^§	2.34	(1.90)	2.12	(1.79)^a	2.39	(1.86)^b	2.43	(1.95)^a,b,c	2.58	(1.96)^b,c	3.02	(2.12)^c	< 0.001	< 0.001
Female Sex	3205	(63%)	1456	(62%)^a	532	(63%)^a	53	(58%)^a	507	(64%)^a	71	(56%)^a	1.000	0.897
Unemployed	2698	(54%)	1050	(46%)^a	458	(56%)^a,b	51	(57%)^a,b	486	(63%)^b	99	(79%)^c	< 0.001	< 0.001
Income ≤ $20,000	1165	(28%)	436	(23%)^a	186	(27%)^a,b	18	(24%)^a	223	(35%)^a,b	36	(39%)^b	< 0.001	< 0.001
Education < 16 Years	3260	(65%)	1452	(63%)^a,b	546	(66%)^a,b	50	(56%)^b	517	(67%)^a,b	89	(71%)^a	0.484	0.038
Health Insurance: Yes	4592	(92%)	2090	(91%)^a	764	(92%)^a	83	(92%)^a	717	(92%)^a	119	(95%)^a	1.000	0.078
Vision Insurance: Yes	3323	(68%)	1504	(67%)^a	572	(71%)^a	64	(73%)^a	520	(68%)^a	84	(70%)^a	1.000	0.415
Visual Acuity Loss: Yes^∥	366	(7%)	71	(3%)^a	48	(6%)^a,b	7	(8%)^b,c	114	(14%)^c	34	(27%)^d	< 0.001	< 0.001
Depressed: Yes^¶	303	(6%)	108	(5%)^a	54	(6%)^a	7	(8%)^a	64	(8%)^a	10	(8%)^a	0.029	< 0.001

AFEDS = African American Eye Disease Study; SD = Standard Deviation; VFL = Visual Field Loss; ANOVA = Analysis of Variance

Data are presented as mean (SD) for continuous variables (age and comorbidities); categorical variables are presented as frequency counts with percentages (%) of participants for each category of visual field loss (VFL) severity; percentages exclude participants with missing responses); the number missing is 144 (2.8%) for unemployment, 994 (19.4%) for income, 139 (2.7%) for education, 101 (2.0%) for insurance, 252 (4.9%) for vision insurance, and 6 (0.1%) for visual acuity loss.

^†

The analytic cohort had reliable VF measurements in both eyes for 4,207 (81.3%) of participants and could be categorized into VFL severity categories. ANOVA least square means are shown across VFL severity categories with Tukey-Kramer-adjusted pairwise comparisons. Due to missing covariate data, not all VFL severity categories sum to the total (n = 4,207); the number missing is 108 (2.6%) for unemployment, 811 (19.3%) for income, 101 (2.4%) for education, 73 (1.7%) for insurance, 193 (4.6%) for vision insurance, and 2 (0.0%) for visual acuity loss.

^‡

P-values based on ANOVA type 3 sums of squares for continuous variables and χ² tests for categorical variables (Bonferroni-adjusted for multiple comparisons). ANOVA revealed significant differences across the visual field loss categories for both age and number of comorbidities. Bonferroni-adjusted χ² tests revealed significant differences for unemployment, annual income, visual acuity loss, and depression.

^§

Number of self-reported comorbidities (diabetes, arthritis, stroke/brain hemorrhage, high blood pressure, angina, heart attack, heart failure, asthma, skin cancer, other cancer, back problems, hearing problems and other major health problems).

^∥

Visual Acuity Loss was defined as presenting visual acuity 20/40 or worse.

^¶

Depression was scored using the SF-12 item “Have you felt downhearted or blue a good bit of the time or more during the past 4 weeks?” Participants were considered depressed if they reported “A good bit of the time”, “Most of the time”, or “All of the time”.

^⋄

Test for trend was performed by the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables, and 2-sided, exact Cochran-Armitage test for categorical variables.