Table 1.
Summary of PDCT Pathogen Inactivation Studies.
| Ref | Pathogen Species (Type) | Material / Photosensitizer | Illumination Type and Power or Power Density as Reported | In vitro LRV / Inactivation time | Additional Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [118] |
Arthrobacter sp. (Gram +) E. coli (Gram −) |
Ag NPs / [Ru(bpy)3]2+ | 430 nm CW LED, 9.76 mW/cm2 | 7 / 1 hour 4 / 1 hour |
Light-controlled Ag+ release; biofilm inactivation |
| [97][98] |
S. aureus (Gram +) E. coli (Gram −) |
Ag nanospheres or nanocubes / RB | 520 nm CW LED, 4 W | 7 / 2 hour 6 / 220 min |
Simultaneous fluorescence imaging and inactivation |
| [142] |
S. aureus (Gram +) E. coli (Gram −) |
Ag NPs / rGO | 660 nm CW laser, 180 mW | 2.2 / 20 min 1.4 / 20 min |
In vivo treatment of S. aureus-induced infection in mice |
| [124] | T. rubrum (fungi) | Ag@SiO2 NPs / Hematoporphyrin IX dihydrochloride | 400 nm CW LED, 54 mW/cm2 | > 3 / 30 min | |
| [147] | C. albicans (fungi) | Au NPs / RB | Xe lamp, 53 mW/cm2 | 4.89 / 30 min | |
| [128] |
S. aureus (Gram +) P. aeruginosa (Gram −) |
Au NPs / Riboflavin | RPR-3500 A UV Lamp with center wavelength 350 nm, 9.6 mW/cm2 | 3 / 2 hours 2.3 / 2 hours |
|
| [139] |
S. aureus (Gram +) E. coli (Gram −) |
Ag NPs @ AgCl / Polydopamine-polyacrylamide hydrogel | Xe lamp, 0.2 W/cm2 | 3.5 / 10 min 3.0 / 10 min |
In vivo treatment of S. aureus-induced infection in rats; also sustains PPT inactivation |
| [141] | MRSA (Gram +) | Ag NPs / RB / Up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNs) | 980 nm CW laser, 1 W/cm2 | 4.4 / 10 min with PDCT only | Also sustains sonodynamic response for UCNs |
| [119] | MRSA (Gram +) | Au NRs / TBO | 633 nm CW laser, 0.06 W/cm2 | 1 / 1 min | Also sustains PPT inactivation |
| [148] | S. aureus (Gram +) | Au NPs/ Tin chlorin e6 | White light halogen lamp, 470 μW/nm2 | > 3 / 20 min | |
| [121] | S. aureus (Gram +) | Au-Ag nanocages or Au NRs / hematoporphyrin | 625 nm CW LED, 39 mW/cm2 | 1–2 / 30 min | |
| [120] |
S. epidermidis (Gram +) E. coli (Gram −) |
Ag / hematoporphyrin | LumaCare LC122 lamp with White light (400 – 800 nm), 408 mW/cm2 | 6–7 / 12 min | |
| [89] | E. coli (Gram −) | Au NRs / verteporfin | 710 nm pulsed laser, 100 fs, 80 MHz, 1 W/cm2 | 3 / 30 min | |
| [84] | E. coli (Gram −) | Au NRs / ICG | 810 nm pulsed laser, 100 fs, 80 MHz, 1 W/cm2 | > 6 / 60 min |