Table 3.

Summary of Studies on Plasmonic Photothermal Pathogen Inactivation.

Ref	Pathogen Species	Material	Illumination Type and Power or Power Density as Reported	ΔT in aqueous medium / Illumination time	In vitro LRV / Inactivation time	Additional Remarks
[179]	E. coli (Gram −)	rGO-PEG-Au NRs	700–820 nm, 100 fs, 80 MHz, 8 W/cm2	49 °C / 10 min	7 / 10 min
[187]	E. coli (Gram −) S. aureus (Gram +)	Ag nanoclusters / rGO	808 nm CW laser, 2 W/cm2	15 °C / 5 min	> 2
[188][182]	E. coli (Gram −) B. Subtilis, Exiguobacterium (Gram +)	Nanoporous Au disks	785 nm CW laser, 0.085 W/mm2	75 °C / 30 s	> 1 / 30 s
[119]	MRSA (Gram +)	Ag NRs / TBO	808 nm CW laser, 3.1 W/cm2	48 °C / 40 min	1 / 25 min	Also sustains PDCT inactivation
[87]	E. coli (Gram −) S. aureus (Gram +)	Pd@Ag nanosheets	808 nm CW laser, 0.5 W/cm2	19 °C / 10 min	7 / 10 min
[189]	E. coli (Gram −) S. aureus (Gram +)	Au NRs graphitic nanocapsules	808 nm CW laser, 2 W/cm2	43.3 °C / 10 min	1–2 / 10 min
[184]	MRSA (Gram +)	DNA aptamer functionalized Au NRs	808 nm CW laser, 1.1 W/cm2	29.2 °C / 30 s	1–2 / 2 min
[185]	E. coli (Gram −)	Ag / Au Nanoplates	808 nm CW laser, 1 W/cm2	∼50 °C / 5 min		In vivo treatment of E. coli-induced infection in mice
[180]	E. coli (Gram −)	Ag / ZnO / rGO	Xe lamp, 0.45 W/cm2	25 °C / 30 min	7 / 30 min
[181]	E. coli (Gram −)	Ag / MnO2	Xe lamp, 0.5 W/cm2	36 °C / 30 min	7.11 / 10 min
[139]	S. aureus (Gram +) E. coli (Gram −)	Ag NPs @ AgCl / hydrogel	Xe lamp, 0.2 W/cm2	32.8 °C / 10 min	3.5 / 10 min 3.0 / 10 min	In vivo treatment of S. aureus-induced infection in rats; also sustains PDCT inactivation
[186]	Acinetobacter baumannii (Gram −)	Ag NPs / TiO2	Xe lamp (> 420 nm)	17 °C / 185 s	1–2 / 30 min
[134][183]	Bacteriophage MS2 (non-enveloped virus) Bacteriophage PR772 (non-enveloped virus) E. coli (Gram −)	Au NRs / carbon black composite	Sun light simulator, 100 mW/cm2	18 °C / 30 min	1.3 / 90 min 1.6 / 90 min 5 / 90 min	Ph otothermal disinfection device