Table 4.
Plasmonic Nanostructures for Microbial Pathogen Sensing.
| Ref | Sensing Modality | Pathogen | Material | Pathogen Immobilization Approach | Figure of Merit | Effect / LOD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [225] | SERS | Rotavirus (non-enveloped virus) | Antibody - conjugated Au NPs | Antigen - antibody binding | Virus SERS fingerprint from 420 – 1680 cm−1 | |
| [236] | DENV and WNV (enveloped viruses) | 10 PFU/ml | ||||
| [222] | TERS | TMV (non-enveloped virus) | Ag or Au NPs coated AFM tips | - | Bacteria or virus TERS fingerprints from 600 – 1700 cm−1 | |
| [223] | S. epidermidis (Gram +) | Spectra or maps with 20 nm lateral resolution | ||||
| [221] | B. subtilis spores (Gram +) | |||||
| [230] | SERS |
Salmonella enterica, Salmonella enteritidis, E. coli (Gram −) S. epidermidis (Gram +) |
Ag NRs arrays | Vancomycin binding to bacteria cell wall | Bacteria SERS fingerprint at 728 cm−1 and PCA analysis | 100 CFU/ml |
| [227] | SERS | E. coli (Gram −) | Ag colloid | - | PCA analysis of bacteria SERS fingerprints | Discrimination of different strains of E. coli |
| [224] | Ag nanotrough | |||||
| [51][50] | SERS |
E. coli (Gram −) S. aureus, B. cereus (Gram +) |
Au NP cluster arrays | - | PCA analysis of bacteria SERS fingerprints | Discrimination of different bacteria species |
| [233] |
E. coli, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, P. aeruginosa, (Gram −) S. epidermidis (Gram +) |
Au NP arrays | ||||
| [229] |
E. coli, P. mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, C. freundii (Gram −) Enterococcus spp. (Gram +) |
Aggregated Ag colloid | ||||
| [241] | SERS |
E. coli (Gram −) S. aureus (Gram +) |
Ag NPs - 4-MPBA | Boronic acid - bacteria cell wall peptidoglycan binding | Bacteria SERS fingerprints from 1100 – 1400 cm−1 | 100 CFU/ml, LRV=1.98 (24 hours) |
| [240] | SERS | Hepatitis B virus (enveloped virus) | Immunogold NPs – 4-MBA | Antigen - antibody binding | 4-MBA v8a aromatic ring vibration at 1585 cm−1 | 0.5 μg/ml (HBV surface antigens) |
| [239] | SERS | Hepatitis B virus (enveloped virus) | Ag nanorice - SiO2 shell / MGITC | Hydrogen bond (nucleotide base pairing) | MGITC SERS band at 1335 cm−1 | 50 aM (HBV DNA) |
| [231] | SERS |
E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium (Gram −) MRSA (Gram +) |
Ag@Magnetic NPs / Raman Reporters | Antigen - antibody binding | PCA analysis of reporter molecules Raman signatures | 10 CFU/mL |
| [243] | FL | Vibrio cholerae (Gram −) | Au nanotriangle arrays - fluorescent protein | - | FL emission intensity at 610 nm | |
| [244] | FL |
E. coli, Enterobacter cloacae, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii (Gram −) S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, E. faecalis (Gram +) |
Human serum albumin (HSA) - Au nanoclusters | Peptide binding in HSA | FL emission intensity at 640 nm | 106 cells/ml |
| [95][94] | FL | E. coli (Gram −) | Au@SiO2 NP - Rhodamine B | “noncovalent interactions” | FL emission intensity at 550−650 nm | Bacteria imaging |
| [249] | FL | E. coli (Gram −) | Ag NPs - conjugated polyelectrolytes | Electrostatic interaction | FL emission intensity ratio at 427 nm/at 663 nm | Minimum tested CFU=105; LRV=2 (5 min) |
| [242] | FL | Zika virus (enveloped virus) | Ag NP - ATTO 647N dye - BlackBerry Quencher 650 | Hydrogen bond (nucleotide base pairing) | FL emission intensity | Detection of 1 nM Zika DNA |
| [245] | FL | Influenza virus (enveloped virus) | Au - Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) | Antigen - antibody binding | FL emission intensity at 970 nm | Minimum number of detectable virus particles = 900 |
| [250][246] | FL | Influenza H1N1 virus (enveloped virus) | Au NPs - QDs | Antigen – antibody binding | FL emission intensities | 0.03 pg/mL (in water), 0.4 pg/mL from [250] or 17.02 fg/mL from [246] (in serum) |
| [247][250] | H3N2 virus (enveloped virus) | 10 PFU/mL from [250], 50 PFU/mL from [247] | ||||
| [251] | Norovirus (non-enveloped virus) | 12.1 fg/mL, 95 virus/ml | ||||
| [252] | HBV (enveloped virus) | 1–100 viral particles | ||||
| [248] | FL | Norovirus (non-enveloped virus) | Al - QDs | Biotin - Streptavidin binding | FL emission intensity at 700 nm | 0.01 ng/mL, 100 virus/mL |
| [262] | LSPR | Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium chrysogenum, Mucor hiemalis (fungi) | Au NPs or nanostars | - | Shift of LSPR | 10 CFU/mL |
| [257] | E. coli (Gram −) | Au NPs - dextran | - | |||
| [254] | HBV (enveloped virus) | Au NRs | Antigen – antibody binding | 0.01 IU/mL HBV surface antigen | ||
| [260] | LSPR | Influenza A virus (enveloped virus) | Au film | - | Changes in LSPR intensity | 1 ag or 0.2 fg/mm2 |
| [253] | E. coli (Gram −) | Changes in reflectivity | 103 CFU/mL | |||
| [255] | LSPR |
E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. typhimurium (Gram −) L. acidophilus (Gram +) |
Au coated silica NPs - aptamers | aptamer | Changes in extinction | 10 – 3×104 CFU/mL |
| [259] | LSPR | Avian Influenza virus H5N1 (enveloped virus) | Hollow Au spike NPs - DNA 3-Way Junction | aptamer | Changes in LSPR intensity | I pM hemagglutinin protein in buffers |
| [270] | EC | current | ||||
| [258] | LSPR, EC |
E. coli (Gram −) MRSA (Gram +) |
Au - bacteriophage | Virus-bacteria interaction | Changes in LSPR intensity, impedance | 103 CFU/mL |
| [263] | EC | Zika virus | Au NPs - antibody | Antigen - antibody binding | Impedance | 10 pM Zika virus protein |
| [265] |
E. coli (Gram −) S. aureus (Gram +) |
Au NPs | Doxorubicin - bacteria binding | |||
| [264] | Hepatitis B virus (enveloped virus) Papilloma virus (non-enveloped virus) |
Au NPs - SWCNT | Hydrogen bond (nucleotide base pairing) | 1 aM HBV ssDNA | ||
| [267] | EC | E. coli (Gram −) | Fe2O3@Au NPs | Hydrogen bond (nucleotide base pairing) | Current | 0.01 pM DNA, 5 CFU/mL E. coli |
| [268] | HIV-1 (enveloped virus) | Au NPs - antibody | Antigen - antibody binding | 375 pg/mL | ||
| [266] | E. coli (Gram −) | rGO - Au@Pt | 4.5×102 CFU/mL | |||
| [269] | Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (enveloped virus) | Nanocellulose - Au composite | 101.98 TCID/mL | |||
| [185] | PA | E. coli (Gram −) | Au@Ag nanoplates | - | PA signals | PT inactivation and PA imaging of wound |
| [273] | MRSA (Gram +) | Ag-capped Au NRs | - | Ag+ inactivation and PA imaging of wound | ||
| [274] | S. aureus (Gram +) | P1 peptide-Au NPs | Peptide binding | PA imaging of wound |