A. IGF-1 dose-dependently stimulated NCM hypertrophy and NCF collagen synthesis. B. IGFBP6 (but not a non-IGF binding mIGFBP6), Wortmannin, U0126, GSK, G226 and RWJ treatment inhibited IGF-1-stimulated NCM hypertrophy. *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 vs control, #p < 0.05 vs IGF1. All results are presented as median and IQR. All treatment groups were performed in triplicate and repeated three times (n = 3). Control and IGF-1 groups were performed in triplicates and also repeated 4 to 5 times (n = 4 or 5). GraphPad Prism Version 9.1.2 (GraphPad Software Inc., USA) was used to perform all of the statistical analyses.