Table 2.

Significant DIF Item Parameters

Item	Group		Discrimination	Category thresholds			R2
				Mild	Moderate	Severe	Total	Uniform	Non-Uniform
2 Feeling hot
	Age	Younger (<60)	0.981	0.428	1.656	3.524	0.009**	0.008**	0.001
		Older (60+)	1.173	0.921	1.911	3.901
	Sex	Male	1.435	1.270	2.154	-	0.033***	0.031***	0.002
		Female	0.973	0.413	1.649	-
3 Wobbliiness in legs
	Age	Younger (<60)	1.529	1.320	2.091	3.277	0.019***	0.019***	0.0001
		Older (60+)	1.690	0.689	1.761	2.753
	Cognitive Status	Normal	1.553	1.246	2.048	3.544	0.024***	0.021***	0.002
		Impaired	1.262	0.513	2.013	2.965
6 Dizzy or lightheaded
	Age	Younger (<60)	1.415	1.354	2.641	-	0.024***	0.021***	0.003
		Older (60+)	1.764	0.723	1.846	-
7 Heart pounding or racing
	Cognitive Status	Normal	2.453	0.907	1.783	-	0.019**	0.006*	0.012**
		Impaired	1.418	1.373	2.650	-
8 Unsteady
	Age	Younger (<60)	1.769	1.148	2.423	-	0.049***	0.047***	0.002
		Older (60+)	2.084	0.430	1.624	-
13 Shaky
	Age	Younger (<60)	1.974	1.266	2.507	-	0.017**	0.015**	0.002
		Older (60+)	2.297	0.896	1.977	-
16 Fear of dying
	Ethnicity	Non-Hispanic/Latin American	2.495	1.920	2.314	-	0.051***	0.002	0.049***
		Hispanic/Latin American	0.776	3.473	5.021	-
	Language	English	1.961	2.164	2.708	-	0.046**	0.012	0.034**
		Spanish	0.566	3.999	5.950	-
18 Indigestion or discomfort in abdomen
	Education	<12 years	1.469	0.831	1.828	2.987	0.018***	0.006*	0.012***
		12+years	0.773	0.482	2.972	5.429
19 Faint
	Education	<12 years	0.997	2.405	3.866	-	0.028**	0.024**	0.004
		12+years	1.454	2.605	3.614	-
	Ethnicity	Non-Hispanic/Latin American	2.495	1.920	2.314	-	0.051***	0.002	0.049***
		Hispanic/Latin American	0.776	3.473	5.021	-
	Language	English	1.328	2.761	3.798	-	0.061***	0.061***	0.001
		Spanish	1.142	1.610	3.057	-
21 Sweating (not due to heat)
	Sex	Male	1.828	1.479	2.659	-	0.016**	0.013**	0.002
		Female	1.133	1.351	2.250	-

Note: McFadden R² values indicate DIF magnitude; χ² p-values indicate significance level:

^{* =}<0.05,

^{** =}<0.01,

^{*** =}<0.001.