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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Healthc Mater. 2021 Apr 22;10(15):e2100157. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202100157

Figure 1. Opportunities for biomaterials to enhance engineered T cell therapies.

Figure 1.

(Left) T cell manufacturing is a personalized, multi-step process that includes isolation of patient T cells, genetic programming using viral vectors, and ex vivo T cell expansion before autologous infusion. (Right) In vivo, engineered T cells need to overcome several challenges associated with T cell trafficking, tumor immunosuppression (e.g., by Treg, MDSCs), exhaustion by chronic antigen stimulation, and immune-related toxicities. MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg, regulatory T cells; PD-1/PD-L1, programmed death-1/ligand-1; TME, tumor microenvironment.