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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Healthc Mater. 2021 Apr 22;10(15):e2100157. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202100157

Figure 7. Synthetic biomarkers for noninvasive detection of protease activity.

Figure 7.

Synthetic biomarkers consist of reporter-labeled peptide substrates conjugated to a nanoparticle or protein carrier. Upon administration, these biomarkers accumulate at the disease sites where dysregulated proteases cleave substrates on the surface of the carriers, releasing the reporters into urine. Multiplexed quantification of mass-barcoded reporters in urine by LC-MS/MS enables diagnostic classification by machine learning. Adapted with permission.[63] Copyright 2020, AAAS. LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.