Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ear Hear. 2021 Feb 9;42(5):1137–1150. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000001005

Table 1.

Meta-analytic Prevalence Estimates, Prediction Intervals, and Heterogeneity Estimates

Prevalence Model Effects Samples n ASD n Hyperacusis Current Prevalence
[95% CrI]		 95% PI
(Current)		 Lifetime Prevalence
[95% CrI]		 95% PI
(Lifetime)		 I2 [95% CrI] ICC(2)
Subjective Measures 103 87 13093 6989 41.42% [37.23, 45.84] [10.96, 74.22] 60.58% [50.37, 69.76] [26.21, 89.98] 95.5% [94.0, 96.8] 0.394
ADI-R Only 25 22 5028 3003 48.78% [42.48, 54.91] [26.38, 71.45] 64.25% [53.81, 72.60] [40.22, 84.40] 91.8% [85.7, 95.6] 0.369
Objective Measures 8 7 488 150 27.30% [14.92, 44.21] [0.68, 70.54] — — 92.1% [80.8, 99.1] 0.504

Note. “Subjective Measures” refers to all self- or proxy-report questionnaire or interview measures, whereas “Objective Measures” refers to all structured or unstructured behavioral observations and psychoacoustic tasks such as loudness discomfort level testing. Effects = number of prevalence estimates in the model (k(3)); Samples = number of independent samples in the model (k(2); not necessarily equal to the number of studies, as a number of studies provided data on multiple subgroups treated as independent samples); CrI = highest-density credible interval; PI = posterior predictive interval (i.e., prediction interval); I2 = multi-level standardized heterogeneity estimate (includes both level 2 and 3 heterogeneity); ICC(2) = proportion of total heterogeneity attributable to level 2 (between-study) variance; ADI-R = Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised.