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. 2021 Jul 26;9:688767. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.688767

Table 3.

Associations of neighborhood built environments and childhood overweight and obesity 2011–2016a.

Built Environment All (N = 8,441) Primary School (N = 4,717) Middle School (N = 3,724)
Overallb Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Overall Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Overall Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3
Urbanicityc 1.03 1.17 1.66 0.46 *d 1.12 1.75 1.55 0.46** 0.84 0.59 1.31* 0.90
0.83,1.26 0.83,1.65 1.09,2.54 0.29,0.74 0.88,1.42 1.13,2.70 0.91,2.63 0.28,0.78 0.54,1.28 0.32,1.06 0.58,2.94 0.17,4.85
0.792 0.414 0.033 0.015 0.366 0.919 0.227 0.01 0.415 0.195 0.018 0.96
0.699 0.472 0.075 0.041 0.429 0.755 0.314 0.03 0.472 0.285 0.047 0.776
Neighborhood SES 0.92 0.96 0.86* 0.78*** 0.94 1.01* 0.90 0.75** 0.86 0.88 0.73 0.98
0.86,0.99 0.88,1.06 0.75,0.99 0.64,0.95 0.87,1.01 0.9,1.13 0.76,1.07 0.60,0.93 0.74,1 0.73,1.07 0.57,0.95 0.54,1.81
0.022 0.364 0.018 0.001 0.109 0.012 0.107 0.004 0.048 0.077 0.519 0.901
0.055 0.428 0.047 0.004 0.188 0.035 0.185 0.014 0.1 0.145 0.541 0.739
Food environment
Fruit/vegetable market 0.84*** 0.76*** 0.80 1.14 0.81*** 0.70*** 0.72* 1.19 0.89 0.93 1.00 0.91
0.77,0.92 0.68,0.84 0.65,0.99 0.82,1.58 0.73,0.89 0.62,0.80 0.57,0.93 0.83,1.69 0.75,1.06 0.74,1.15 0.65,1.55 0.36,2.33
0.000 0.000 0.041 0.428 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.341 0.205 0.486 0.983 0.846
0.001 0.001 0.089 0.485 0.001 0.001 0.033 0.417 0.294 0.518 0.783 0.721
Supermarket 1.05 1.51*** 0.65*** 0.83 1.11 1.56*** 0.65*** 0.93 1.00 1.64** 0.78 0.38
0.94,1.18 1.28,1.78 0.53,0.80 0.59,1.17 0.98,1.27 1.28,1.91 0.50,0.85 0.65,1.34 0.80,1.26 1.18,2.29 0.54,1.15 0.14,1.00
0.385 0.000 0.000 0.287 0.105 0.000 0.001 0.707 0.977 0.004 0.208 0.049
0.445 0.001 0.001 0.365 0.183 0.001 0.004 0.645 0.782 0.014 0.297 0.101
Convenient store 1.06 0.89 1.20 1.03 1.09 0.90 1.29 1.10 1.11 1.02 1.03 0.52
0.94,1.19 0.76,1.05 0.96,1.49 0.66,1.62 0.95,1.25 0.74,1.11 1.00,1.66 0.67,1.82 0.88,1.40 0.77,1.36 0.64,1.66 0.12,2.22
0.370 0.181 0.111 0.890 0.234 0.334 0.047 0.699 0.358 0.874 0.918 0.375
0.432 0.273 0.189 0.738 0.324 0.409 0.098 0.642 0.423 0.734 0.755 0.434
Chinese fast food 0.68*** 0.57*** 0.55*** 0.89 0.68*** 0.54*** 0.58** 1.01 0.67** 0.70 0.55 0.58
0.59,0.78 0.47,0.70 0.40,0.76 0.58,1.36 0.58,0.80 0.42,0.69 0.39,0.85 0.62,1.66 0.51,0.88 0.51,0.97 0.30,0.99 0.18,1.85
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.586 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.956 0.005 0.033 0.047 0.356
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.598 0.001 0.001 0.017 0.776 0.017 0.075 0.098 0.421
Western fast food 1.34*** 1.01 1.25 2.70*** 1.34** 0.96 1.29 2.63*** 1.37 1.10 1.16 2.91
1.12,1.60 0.76,1.34 0.93,1.67 1.58,4.62 1.10,1.64 0.67,1.37 0.92,1.82 1.48,4.66 0.96,1.97 0.65,1.86 0.67,2.02 0.83,10.18
0.001 0.949 0.141 0.000 0.004 0.818 0.137 0.001 0.086 0.727 0.602 0.095
0.004 0.775 0.228 0.001 0.014 0.701 0.224 0.004 0.156 0.655 0.603 0.167
Physical activity environment
Land use mix 0.59 0.14*** 0.65 1.28 0.53 0.07*** 0.69 1.17 0.58 0.29 0.41 0.11
0.25,1.37 0.05,0.42 0.10,4.16 0.07,23.29 0.19,1.47 0.02,0.30 0.08,6.00 0.04,38.01 0.11,3.01 0.03,2.69 0.01,13.43 0.00,1438.97
0.222 0.000 0.653 0.868 0.222 0.000 0.735 0.930 0.517 0.276 0.619 0.645
0.312 0.001 0.620 0.732 0.312 0.001 0.655 0.763 0.541 0.355 0.607 0.615
Main road density 1.06 1.26** 1.07 0.73 1.10 1.31* 1.06 0.70 1.01 1.15 1.07 1.20
0.96,1.17 1.07,1.48 0.89,1.29 0.55,0.98 0.98,1.24 1.06,1.61 0.85,1.32 0.51,0.97 0.82,1.24 0.86,1.55 0.76,1.52 0.53,2.75
0.226 0.006 0.454 0.034 0.100 0.011 0.614 0.034 0.928 0.347 0.699 0.658
0.313 0.019 0.501 0.077 0.175 0.033 0.607 0.077 0.763 0.417 0.642 0.621
Side road density 0.86*** 0.84*** 0.87* 1.18 0.85*** 0.79*** 0.95 1.17 0.89 0.93 0.70*** 1.36
0.81,0.92 0.75,0.93 0.78,0.98 0.99,1.41 0.79,0.92 0.69,0.90 0.82,1.09 0.96,1.43 0.79,1.01 0.78,1.11 0.58,0.85 0.92,2.01
0.000 0.001 0.020 0.060 0.000 0.000 0.457 0.118 0.082 0.413 0.000 0.127
0.001 0.004 0.050 0.119 0.001 0.001 0.502 0.199 0.152 0.472 0.001 0.212
Residence density 0.67 1.46 0.52 0.13 0.60 1.12 0.71 0.11 0.90 2.06 0.42 0.02
0.31,1.43 0.55,3.89 0.10,2.76 0.01,1.62 0.24,1.50 0.30,4.22 0.10,5.18 0.01,2.13 0.21,3.88 0.30,14.12 0.02,8.56 0.00,16.22
0.303 0.449 0.443 0.112 0.277 0.871 0.736 0.143 0.886 0.462 0.575 0.249
0.382 0.501 0.499 0.190 0.356 0.732 0.655 0.230 0.738 0.506 0.591 0.334
Public park density 0.62*** 0.93 0.63*** 0.48*** 0.59*** 0.98 0.62*** 0.41*** 0.72** 0.86 0.71 1.29
0.55,0.69 0.78,1.10 0.50,0.79 0.34,0.69 0.52,0.67 0.79,1.22 0.48,0.80 0.28,0.60 0.57,0.92 0.63,1.18 0.44,1.12 0.32,5.17
0.000 0.382 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.886 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.354 0.142 0.718
0.001 0.442 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.738 0.001 0.001 0.027 0.42 0.229 0.65
Distance to school 0.86** 1.00 0.86 0.69 1.03 1.16 1.17 1.00 0.76*** 1.06 0.72 0.31**
0.77,0.95 0.86,1.16 0.71,1.04 0.46,1.03 0.88,1.20 0.92,1.47 0.84,1.62 0.57,1.75 0.65,0.90 0.84,1.34 0.52,0.99 0.14,0.69
0.004 0.991 0.127 0.070 0.719 0.211 0.348 1.000 0.001 0.633 0.044 0.004
0.014 0.783 0.212 0.137 0.650 0.300 0.417 0.785 0.004 0.609 0.093 0.014
Constant 187.38 332.25 758.64 63.16 141.97 454.83 350.40 39.10 342.07 136.99 980.30 1.38e+7
a

All models were adjusted for age, gender, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and urbanicity.

b

The overall model reports the result of a logistic mixed regression model including a random effect for the three waves. The Wave 1–3 models reports the results of logistic regression models for wave 1–3, respectively. Wave 1 represent the cohort that took the health survey from 2011 to 2012; Wave 2 represent the cohort that took the health survey from 2013 to 2014; Wave 3 represent the cohort that took the health survey from 2015 to 2016.

c

For each variable, the first row reports the odds ratio; the second row reports the 95% confidence interval, the third row reports the naïve p-value; the fourth row reports the FDR sharpened q-value.

d

*p < 0.05 and q < 0.02, **p < 0.01 and q < 0.03, ***p < 0.001 and q < 0.004.