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. 2021 Jul 26;9:688767. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.688767

Table 4.

Associations of neighborhood built environments and childhood obesity 2011–2016a.

Built Environment All (N = 8,441) Primary School (N = 4,717) Middle School (N = 3,724)
Overallb Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Overall Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Overall Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3
Urbanicityc 1.23 2.57 0.69 0.79 1.29 2.69 0.85 0.79 0.33 1.82 0.09 –
0.90,1.68 1.37,4.83 0.35,1.35 0.45,1.40 0.94,1.78 1.41,5.13 0.42,1.72 0.44,1.45 0.09,1.21 0.09,35.49 0.00,2.79
0.196 0.668 0.059 0.106 0.119 0.523 0.083 0.120 0.095 0.137 0.110
0.286 0.621 0.118 0.184 0.200 0.541 0.154 0.201 0.167 0.224 0.189
Neighborhood SES 0.89 1.03** 0.83 0.80 0.89 1.05** 0.84 0.80 0.75 0.71 0.07 –
0.80,0.99 0.88,1.21 0.68,1.01 0.61,1.05 0.81,0.99 0.90,1.24 0.68,1.02 0.61,1.06 0.45,1.25 0.46,1.11 0.00,1.84
0.025 0.003 0.275 0.419 0.035 0.003 0.657 0.450 0.271 0.692 0.167
0.060 0.011 0.355 0.472 0.078 0.011 0.621 0.501 0.353 0.641 0.260
Food environment
Fruit/vegetable market 0.93 0.89 0.80 1.10 0.93 0.88 0.85 1.08 0.72 0.79 0.01***c –
0.82,1.06 0.74,1.07 0.59,1.08 0.71,1.71 0.82,1.06 0.73,1.07 0.63,1.15 0.68,1.71 0.38,1.37 0.43,1.45 0.00,0.13
0.279 0.199 0.140 0.664 0.320 0.194 0.294 0.752 0.319 0.449 0.001
0.358 0.289 0.228 0.621 0.396 0.285 0.372 0.667 0.396 0.501 0.004
Supermarket 1.05 1.29 0.85 0.83 1.07 1.26 0.82 0.96 0.86 2.21 0.21 –
0.89,1.25 1.00,1.68 0.63,1.14 0.50,1.37 0.90,1.27 0.96,1.66 0.60,1.11 0.59,1.56 0.36,2.04 0.58,8.41 0.00,25.63
0.542 0.052 0.272 0.467 0.452 0.090 0.205 0.861 0.727 0.246 0.526
0.552 0.105 0.353 0.507 0.501 0.160 0.294 0.732 0.655 0.333 0.541
Convenient store 1.11 0.91 1.19 0.83 1.10 0.94 1.19 0.84 1.16 0.88 1.58 -
0.92,1.32 0.70,1.18 0.88,1.60 0.49,1.43 0.92,1.33 0.72,1.23 0.88,1.61 0.48,1.46 0.59,2.51 0.31,2.50 0.00,698.56
0.260 0.479 0.265 0.510 0.303 0.664 0.269 0.531 0.749 0.810 0.883
0.341 0.518 0.345 0.536 0.382 0.621 0.351 0.541 0.665 0.700 0.738
Chinese fast food 0.67*** 0.47*** 0.54** 1.11 0.69*** 0.52*** 0.51** 1.08 0.37 0.16*** 0.23 –
0.55,0.83 0.33,0.66 0.34,0.84 0.62,1.98 0.56,0.85 0.36,0.73 0.32,0.81 0.58,1.98 0.14,1.00 0.08,0.32 0.00,22.8
0.000 0.000 0.006 0.734 0.001 0.000 0.004 0.815 0.050 0.000 0.534
0.001 0.001 0.019 0.655 0.004 0.001 0.014 0.701 0.102 0.001 0.542
Western fast food 1.68*** 1.42 1.45 2.47* 1.60*** 1.38 1.43 2.39 3.33 1.06 1.02 –
1.29,2.14 0.87,2.30 0.97,2.18 1.21,5.05 1.24,2.08 0.83,2.28 0.95,2.16 1.12,5.08 1.04,10.61 0.13,8.56 0.01,75.74
0.000 0.161 0.073 0.013 0.000 0.210 0.087 0.024 0.042 0.957 0.993
0.001 0.254 0.140 0.037 0.001 0.299 0.157 0.058 0.090 0.776 0.783
Physical activity environment
Land use mix 2.43 0.94 2.04 5.36 2.14 0.88 1.41 4.02 125.25 0.33 1.29e+11 –
0.69,8.50 0.15,6.06 0.18,22.93 0.11,261.19 0.60,7.69 0.14,5.35 0.12,16.15 0.07,235.89 0.16,100073.9 0.00,509.09 2.24e-08,7.47e+29
0.163 0.948 0.563 0.397 0.243 0.889 0.781 0.503 0.157 0.765 0.246
0.255 0.775 0.574 0.454 0.332 0.738 0.69 0.532 0.248 0.679 0.333
Main road density 1.04 1.14 1.19 0.70 1.06 1.16 1.20 0.71 0.82 1.40 1.93 -
0.90,1.21 0.86,1.51 0.93,1.54 0.48,1.02 0.91,1.23 0.87,1.56 0.93,1.56 0.48,1.04 0.40,1.68 0.38,5.15 0.17,22.52
0.594 0.362 0.172 0.064 0.441 0.315 0.156 0.080 0.594 0.610 0.601
0.599 0.428 0.263 0.126 0.499 0.39 0.247 0.151 0.599 0.607 0.603
Side road density 0.92 0.91 0.90 1.05 0.91 0.88 0.90 1.03 1.14 1.46 0.90 –
0.84,1.02 0.75,1.09 0.75,1.08 0.84,1.32 0.83,1.01 0.72,1.07 0.75,1.09 0.82,1.31 0.76,1.69 0.76,2.83 0.42,1.92
0.098 0.306 0.257 0.669 0.072 0.188 0.298 0.776 0.525 0.259 0.782
0.172 0.384 0.34 0.621 0.139 0.281 0.378 0.689 0.541 0.341 0.69
Residence density 0.61 1.87 0.91 0.34 0.58 1.70 0.67 0.34 10.84 7.57 57.09 –
0.19,1.88 0.34,10.48 0.12,7.20 0.01,8.70 0.18,1.81 0.30,9.75 0.08,5.50 0.01,9.98 0.01,11884.4 0,47684.59 0,4361582
0.395 0.474 0.932 0.515 0.346 0.551 0.706 0.530 0.505 0.650 0.481
0.454 0.512 0.763 0.541 0.417 0.560 0.645 0.541 0.533 0.618 0.518
Public park density 0.58*** 0.88 0.67* 0.42*** 0.56*** 0.81 0.68 0.37*** 1.86 3.49** 3.49 –
0.49,0.69 0.65,1.19 0.48,0.92 0.26,0.69 0.46,0.66 0.59,1.11 0.49,0.96 0.22,0.62 0.77,4.51 1.49,8.14 0.02,617.36
0.000 0.412 0.014 0.001 0.000 0.194 0.026 0.000 0.167 0.004 0.636
0.001 0.472 0.039 0.004 0.001 0.285 0.062 0.001 0.26 0.014 0.609
Distance to school 1.11 1.20 1.46 0.85 1.15 1.41 1.26 0.96 0.85 0.68 2.44 –
0.92,1.34 0.87,1.66 1.02,2.08 0.46,1.56 0.93,1.41 1,1.99 0.85,1.87 0.47,1.96 0.46,1.55 0.17,2.68 0.1,61.11
0.285 0.261 0.037 0.597 0.191 0.047 0.248 0.905 0.602 0.581 0.588
0.363 0.341 0.082 0.602 0.285 0.098 0.334 0.74 0.603 0.598 0.598
Constant 50.19 78.56 313.79 11.95 56.32 67.65 421.71 15.39 0.10 29.12 0.01 -
a

All models were adjusted for age, gender, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and urbanicity.

b

The overall model reports the result of a logistic mixed regression model including a random effect for the three waves. The Wave 1–3 models reports the results of logistic regression models for wave 1–3, respectively. Wave 1 represent the cohort that took the health survey from 2011 to 2012; Wave 2 represent the cohort that took the health survey from 2013 to 2014; Wave 3 represent the cohort that took the health survey from 2015 to 2016.

c

For each variable, the first row reports the odds ratio; the second row reports the 95% confidence interval, the third row reports the naïve p-value; the fourth row reports the FDR sharpened q-value.

d

*p < 0.05 and q < 0.02, **p < 0.01 and q < 0.03, ***p < 0.001 and q < 0.004.