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. 2021 Jul 26;12:648108. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.648108

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics.

Variable MDD SCZ HC Statistic value p
(n = 50) (n = 49) (n = 49)
Male 26 (52.0) 25 (51.0) 26 (53.1) χ(2)2 = 0.04 0.980
Married 12 (24.0) 7 (14.3) 28 (57.1) χ(2)2 = 22.04 <0.001
Employed 33 (66.0) 30 (61.2) 34 (69.4) χ(2)2 = 0.73 0.694
Ethnicity χ(2)2 = 15.56 0.016
   Chinese 36 (72.0) 41 (83.7) 32 (65.3)
   Malay 5 (10.0) 2 (4.1) 13 (26.5)
   Indian 6 (12.0) 6 (12.2) 3 (6.1)
   Other 3 (6.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (2.0)
Age in years 36.66 ± 13.01 40.53 ± 10.42 39.98 ± 12.41 H(2) = 4.16 0.125
Total years of education 14.20 ± 2.60 13.50 ± 2.86 13.54 ± 2.90 F(2,145) = 0.97 0.382
Duration of illness (in years) 4.80 ± 4.94 14.30 ± 10.22 NA U = 459.50 <0.001
MIRECC-GAF
   Symptomatic 50.02 ± 17.43 55.16 ± 16.20 90.90 ± 7.62 H(2) = 64.94 <0.001
   Social 63.56 ± 10.41 62.94 ± 11.99 81.94 ± 8.17 H(2) = 65.76 <0.001
   Occupational 55.72 ± 23.25 53.16 ± 23.14 87.39 ± 7.47 H(2) = 94.48 <0.001
BACS Z-score
   Verbal memory −0.01 ± 1.11 −0.76 ± 1.25 −0.11 ± 1.02 F(2,145) = 6.39 0.002
   Digit sequencing −0.03 ± 1.11 −0.61 ± 1.23 −0.10 ± 1.10 H(2) = 6.83 0.033
   Token motor task −0.56 ± 1.02 −1.41 ± 1.19 −0.30 ± 1.00 H(2) = 21.92 <0.001
   Semantic 0.36 ± 1.19 −0.84 ± 0.87 0.21 ± 1.19 H(2) = 29.47 <0.001
   fluency (Total)
   Symbol coding −0.40 ± 1.23 −1.55 ± 1.23 −0.29 ± 1.13 H(2) = 21.91 <0.001
   Tower of London 0.17 ± 0.77 −0.56 ± 1.62 −0.03 ± 1.05 H(2) = 5.80 0.055
   Composite 0.13 ± 1.19 −1.60 ± 1.59 −0.17 ± 1.21 F(2,145) = 19.30 <0.001
NSA-16
   Communication 7.02 ± 2.33 8.00 ± 3.27 6.14 ± 2.39 H(2) = 11.76 0.003
   Emotion/Affect 8.46 ± 2.29 8.96 ± 2.39 7.86 ± 1.98 H(2) = 6.03 0.049
   Social involvement 8.30 ± 2.64 8.82 ± 2.72 7.04 ± 2.27 H(2) = 11.26 0.004
   Motivation 12.14 ± 2.70 11.61 ± 2.63 7.78 ± 2.47 H(2) = 54.48 <0.001
   Motor retardation 4.46 ± 1.89 4.59 ± 2.06 3.08 ± 1.24 H(2) = 19.00 <0.001
   Total 40.38 ± 7.79 41.98 ± 9.87 31.90 ± 7.07 H(2) = 37.52 <0.001
   Global impression 3.50 (4) 3 (3) 2 (3) H(2) = 62.47 <0.001
   score*
PHQ-9 14.02 (7.00) 6.84 (5.92) 2.55 (2.99) H(2) = 63.23 <0.001

Data are expressed as mean ± SD or n (%).

*

Global impression score is reported as median (range).

MIRECC-GAF, MIRECC-Global Assessment of Functioning; BACS, Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; NSA-16, Negative Symptom Assessment. PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire.