Table 1.
The basic characteristics of included studies.
| References | Study design | No. of patients | Country/centers | Procedures | Age (years) | Gender (M/F) | Criterion of sedation | Remimazolam | Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borkett et al. (20) | RCT | 100 | United States/multicenter | Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy | 18–65 | 46/54 | Initiated sedation: MOAA/S ≤ 3; Maintained sedation: MOAA/S ≤ 4 | Single dose: 0.10 mg/kg 0.15 mg/kg 0.20 mg/kg |
Midazolam: (Single dose 0.075 mg/kg) |
| Chen et al. (21) | RCT | 384 | China/multicenter | Colonoscopy | 18–65 | 161/223 | Initiated sedation: MOAA/S ≤ 3; Maintained sedation: MOAA/S ≤ 4 | Initial dose: 5.0 mg; Top-up dose: 2.5 mg per time |
Propofol: (Initial dose: 1.5 mg/kg; top-up dose: 0.5 mg/kg per time) |
| Chen* et al. (14) | RCT | 378 | China/multicenter | Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy | 18–60 | 148/230 | Initiated sedation: MOAA/S ≤ 3; Maintained sedation: MOAA/S ≤ 4 | Initial dose: 5.0 mg; Top-up dose: 2.5 mg per time. |
Propofol: (Initial dose:1.5 mg/kg; top-up dose:0.5 mg/kg per time) |
| Pambianco et al. (24) | RCT | 160 | United States/multicenter | Colonoscopy | 18–70 | 72/88 | Initiated sedation: MOAA/S ≤ 3; Maintained sedation: MOAA/S ≤ 4 | Initial and top-up dose: 8.0/3.0 mg 7.0/2.0 mg 5.0/3.0 mg |
Midazolam: (Initial and top-up dose: 2.5/1.0 mg) |
| Pastis et al. (12) | RCT | 439 | United States/multicenter | Bronchoscopy | 22–95 | 206/233 | Initiated sedation: MOAA/S ≤ 3; Maintained sedation: MOAA/S ≤ 4 | Initial dose: 5.0 mg; Top-up dose: 2.5 mg per time |
Placebo; Midazolam: (Initial dose 1.75 mg <60 years or 1.0 mg > 60 years; top-up dose: 1.0 mg <60 years or 0.5 mg > 60 years) |
| Rex et al. (13) | RCT | 458 | United States/multicenter | Colonoscopy | 19–92 | 226/232 | Initiated sedation: MOAA/S ≤ 3; Maintained sedation: MOAA/S ≤ 4 | Initial dose: 5.0 mg; Top-up dose: 2.5 mg per time |
Placebo; Midazolam: (Initial dose 1.75 mg <60 years or 1.0 mg > 60 years; top-up dose: 1.0 mg <60 years or 0.5 mg > 60 years) |
| Rex et al. (13) | RCT | 77 | United States/multicenter | Colonoscopy | 42–84 | 43/34 | Initiated sedation: MOAA/S ≤ 3; Maintained sedation: MOAA/S ≤ 4 | Initial dose: 2.5–5.0 mg; Top-up dose: 1.25–2.5 mg |
Placebo; Midazolam: (Initial dose 1.0 mg; top-up dose: 0.5 mg) |
MOAA/S, Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation. The evaluation criteria: responds readily to name spoken in normal tone (alert, 5 score); lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone (4 score); responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly (3 score); responds only after mild prodding or shaking (2 score); does not respond to mild prodding or shaking (1 score); does not respond to noxious stimulation (0 score).
*
indicates different articles published by the same author in the same year.