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. 2021 Jul;10(7):3351–3368. doi: 10.21037/tlcr-21-448

Table 3. Genomic alterations associated with metastatic potential.

Alteration Function Ref.
KRAS mutation Increases metastatic potential (28-31)
SMAD4 mutation Increases metastatic potential (32)
NOTCH signaling Increases metastatic potential (33)
TGFBR2 and ROCK2 mutations Decreases metastatic potential (34)
FGFR3 mutation Increases metastatic potential (35)
RASSF1A promotor methylation Increases metastatic potential (36)

Abbreviations: KRAS, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; SMAD4, SMAD family member 4; TGFBR2, transforming growth factor beta receptor 2; ROCK2, Rho-associated protein kinase 2; FGFR3, fibroblast growth receptor 3; RASSF1A, Ras association domain-containing protein 1 isoform A.