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. 2021 Jul;10(7):3104–3116. doi: 10.21037/tau-20-1339

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2021 Translational Andrology and Urology. All rights reserved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

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Overview of circulating cell-free DNA and methylation and its potential clinical application. In prostate cancer patients, circulating cell free DNA (cfDNA) can be released in the bloodstream from tumor sites. cfDNA can undergo both quantitative (e.g., changes in levels of methylated DNA) and qualitative (e.g., specific patterns of aberrant methylation) changes. The evaluation of the methylation in cfDNA can aid in the management of prostate cancer patients leading to early diagnosis, a prognostic and predictive evaluation, a better tumor monitoring, and may aid in the identification of resistance such as neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC).