Table 1.
Studies included in the analysis.
| Study ID | Sampling time | Province | Detection method | Total samples |
Positive samples |
Quality score |
Study Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northeast China* | |||||||
| Yan et al. (1998) | UN* | Liaoning | Anatomical touch detection | 178 | 3 | 2 | Medium |
| Zhang et al. (2002) | UN | Heilongjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 69 | 2 | 3 | Medium |
| Northern China* | |||||||
| Jiao (2008) | UN | Inner Mongolia | UN | 240 | 179 | 1 | Low |
| Liu et al. (2020) | UN | Beijing | Serological testing | 571 | 14 | 3 | Medium |
| Northwest China* | |||||||
| Abrikmu (2020) | UN | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 623 | 353 | 2 | Medium |
| Bai et al. (2011) | 2007–2009 | Gansu | Anatomical touch detection | 13,160 | 826 | 3 | Medium |
| Cai et al. (2012) | 1990–2010 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 16,785 | 7,600 | 3 | Medium |
| Cai et al. (2016) | UN | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 4,568 | 745 | 3 | Medium |
| Chai et al. (1992) | 1990–1992 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 2,258 | 999 | 4 | High |
| Chai et al. (2004) | 2000–2002 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 1,278 | 582 | 3 | Medium |
| Chen et al. (2016) | 2011–2012 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 3,283 | 283 | 3 | Medium |
| Cheng and Liu (2008) | 1997–2001 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 5,160 | 3,257 | 3 | Medium |
| Cleary et al. (2014) | 2011 | Ningxia | Anatomical touch detection | 184 | 2 | 4 | High |
| Dan (2015) | 2004 / 2012–2014 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 1,418 | 456 | 1 | Low |
| Dao et al. (2006) | UN | Gansu | Anatomical touch detection | 100 | 50 | 2 | Medium |
| Dong et al. (2015) | 2014.07 | Xinjiang | Ultrasonic testing | 371 | 137 | 3 | Medium |
| Guan and Ren (2001) | UN | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 5,231 | 1,334 | 2 | Medium |
| Guo et al. (2019) | 2013.05–2016.05 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 1,270 | 44 | 3 | Medium |
| Han et al. (2019) | 2007.08–09 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 16 | 5 | 3 | Medium |
| He and Wang (2001) | 2000.06–09 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 578 | 520 | 3 | Medium |
| Huang et al. (1992) | 1991.09 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 680 | 288 | 3 | Medium |
| Jiao et al. (2004) | 2000–2003 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 1,705 | 528 | 2 | Medium |
| Li (2009) | 2003.02–2008.10 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 2,189 | 1,150 | 2 | Medium |
| Li (2018) | 2016.01–12 | Gansu | Anatomical touch detection | 7,513 | 307 | 5 | High |
| Li and Li (2010) | 2009.02–10 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 568 | 262 | 2 | Medium |
| Li and Zhang (2009) | 1984 / 1997 / 2006 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 8,927 | 6,769 | 3 | Medium |
| Li et al. (2013) | 2013 | Xinjiang | Ultrasonic testing | 180 | 7 | 4 | High |
| Lie et al. (1984) | 1982.11–12 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 12,577 | 5,510 | 3 | Medium |
| Liu (2008) | 2007.01–08 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 1,450 | 472 | 4 | High |
| Lu (2015) | 2009.03–2009.05 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 302 | 53 | 2 | Medium |
| Lv et al. (2000) | 1999.09–1999.10 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 2,632 | 1,287 | 2 | Medium |
| Ma (2014) | 2012 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 1,000 | 3 | 4 | High |
| Ma et al. (2006) | 1997–2001 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 92,015 | 50,037 | 3 | Medium |
| Ma et al. (2013a) | 2012.10–12 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 6,490 | 838 | 3 | Medium |
| Ma et al. (2013b) | 2012 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 300 | 117 | 3 | Medium |
| Ma et al. (2020) | UN | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 2,579 | 426 | 3 | Medium |
| Mi et al. (2012) | 2011.09–10 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 482 | 49 | 4 | High |
| Niramuddin (2011) | 2010 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 1,738 | 1,174 | 4 | High |
| Niyazi (2016) | 2015 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 600 | 72 | 4 | High |
| Qi et al. (2002) | 1991–1993 | Gansu | Serological testing | 580 | 446 | 3 | Medium |
| Reyihan (2020) | 2019 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 5,202 | 116 | 3 | Medium |
| Tastan (2011) | 2009.07–09 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 1,000 | 320 | 5 | High |
| Tian et al. (1989) | UN | Gansu | Anatomical touch detection | 1,300 | 1,003 | 2 | Medium |
| Tuo (2016) | 2016.03–05 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 300 | 132 | 5 | High |
| Wang (2017) | 2016 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 1,383 | 165 | 4 | High |
| & Serological testing | |||||||
| Wang and Ren (1994) | UN | Gansu | UN | 854 | 382 | 3 | Medium |
| Wang and Sun (1992) | 1980–1987 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 420,507 | 83,004 | 2 | Medium |
| Wang and Yao (2008) | 2005–2006 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 581 | 173 | 4 | High |
| Wu (2015) | 2014.07 | Xinjiang | Ultrasonic testing | 742 | 274 | 3 | Medium |
| Wu and He (2001) | 1989–1991 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 825 | 519 | 4 | High |
| Wu et al. (2020) | 2011–2018 | Ningxia | Anatomical touch detection | 96,926 | 2,130 | 3 | Medium |
| Wumaier et al. (2017) | 2012.08–2013.09 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 23,943 | 1,550 | 3 | Medium |
| Wusman (2016) | UN | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 1,250 | 315 | 2 | Medium |
| Xiao et al. (2019) | 2014–2017 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 15,287 | 2,106 | 5 | High |
| & Serological testing | |||||||
| Xu et al. (1994) | 1992–1993 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 1,413 | 1,108 | 4 | High |
| Yan et al. (1983) | UN | Qinghai | UN | 711 | 552 | 1 | Low |
| Yang et al. (2015) | 2007–2013 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 17,215 | 390 | 3 | Medium |
| Ye and Zhang (2007) | 2006.09–2006.10 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 1,175 | 313 | 4 | High |
| Yuemaier (2015) | UN | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 1,237 | 531 | 4 | High |
| Yu et al. (2008) | 2005.07 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 115 | 95 | 2 | Medium |
| Zhang (2015) | 2011–2015 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 2,819 | 773 | 3 | Medium |
| Zhang (2016) | 2016 | Xinjiang | Serological testing | 1,787 | 869 | 5 | High |
| Zhang et al. (1985) | UN | Ningxia | Anatomical touch detection | 6,989 | 70 | 4 | High |
| Zhang and Wang (2007) | 1990–2005 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 10,204 | 5,638 | 5 | High |
| Zhang and Wang (2016) | 2015.09–12 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 14 | 11 | 4 | High |
| Zhang and Zhang (2009) | 2007.08–2008.05 | Qinghai | Anatomical touch detection | 243 | 51 | 3 | Medium |
| Zhang et al. (2014) | 2009.08/2010.09 | Gansu | Anatomical touch detection | 1,035 | 79 | 3 | Medium |
| Zhao (2008) | 2005–2007 | Gansu | Anatomical touch detection | 4,309 | 457 | 4 | High |
| Zhao et al. (1991) | 1990.09–10 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 1,820 | 1,327 | 3 | Medium |
| Zhao et al. (2009) | 2005.07 | Gansu | Anatomical touch detection | 1,021 | 113 | 3 | Medium |
| Zhu et al. (1994) | 1990.02–1992.02 | Xinjiang | Anatomical touch detection | 1,820 | 104 | 2 | Medium |
| Southwest China* | |||||||
| Liu and Yu (1994) | UN | Xinjiang | UN | 112 | 71 | 2 | Medium |
| Mao et al. (1984) | 1982.11 | Sichuan | Anatomical touch detection | 231 | 181 | 3 | Medium |
| & Serological testing | |||||||
| Xia et al. (2014) | UN | Tibet | Anatomical touch detection | 188 | 26 | 3 | Medium |
Northeast China*: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning.
North China*: Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia.
Northwest China*: Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang.
Southwest China*: Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet.
UN*: unclear.