TABLE 1.

Clinical application of cellular therapy using human oral mucosa cells to regenerate oral tissues or other recipient tissues.

Intra-oral
Cell type	Method	Donor tissue	Recipient tissue	Outcome	Reference(s)
Keratinocytes	TEOM	Hard palate	Tongue (intra-oral wound)	Improved tissue adhesion, speech and tongue mobility	Lauer and Schimming, 2001
		Keratinised oral mucosa on human dermis (AlloDerm®)	Tongue, alveolar gingiva, buccal mucosa, floor of mouth and Oropharyngeal mucosa	No postoperative pain, excellent adhesiveness and good epithelial coverage	Izumi et al., 2003
		Gingiva keratinocytes on human dermis (AlloDerm®)	Tongue, gingiva, buccal mucosa and alveolar ridge	Faster healing, negligible scar contracture	Hotta et al., 2007
		Hard palate keratinocytes on human dermis (AlloDerm®)	Gingiva	Good adhesiveness, increased gingival tissue	Izumi et al., 2013
Keratinocytes and fibroblasts	TEOM	Buccal mucosa	Tongue	Good mobility of tongue, satisfactory speech, residual fibrosis	Llames et al., 2014
		Palatal mucosa	Fibula flaps for maxillary and mandibular reconstruction	Granulation tissue formation in one patient, good restoring outcome	Gil et al., 2015
Fat pad	Grafting	Buccal fat	Posterior alveolus and hard palate	Full recovery	Egyedi, 1977
		Buccal fat	Mid-palatal and posterior palatal fistulas	Full recovery	Ashtiani et al., 2011
		Buccal fat	Palatal fistulas	Full recovery	Yaguchi et al., 2021
Fibroblasts	Injection	Gingiva	Gingiva	Test treatment improved papillary tissue augmentation	McGuire and Scheyer, 2007
	Scaffold	Gingiva	Gingiva	Increased gingival width, keratinised epithelium supported by dense connective tissue	Mohammadi et al., 2011
		Gingiva	Gingiva	Efficient gingival augmentation	Dominiak et al., 2012
Extra-oral
Epithelial flap	TEOM	Buccal mucosa	Trachea	Faster healing, buccal mucosa and fascia form an optimised tissue combination	Delaere et al., 2001
Keratinocytes	TEOM	Buccal mucosa	Eye	Vision restored, no complications	Nishida et al., 2004
		Lip	Skin (scalp)	30% success of engraftment due to local infection	Iida et al., 2005
		Buccal mucosa	Oesophagus	Effective re-epithelialisation, no dysphagia or stricture formation	Ohki et al., 2012
		Buccal mucosa	Oesophagus	Safe, reduced risk for post-ESD stricture formation	Jonas et al., 2016
		Buccal mucosa	Oesophagus	Short post-ESD ulcer healing period, successful cell sheet fabrication, transport and transplantation.	Yamaguchi et al., 2017
Lingual tissue	Grafting	Ventrolateral tongue	Urethra	Good success rates of reconstruction of short strictures, combination with buccal mucosa for longer grafts	Simonato et al., 2008
Buccal mucosal cells	TEOM	Buccal mucosa	Urethra	Safe and effective anterior urethroplasty	Barbagli et al., 2018

Comparison of the outcomes according to the tissue of origin, the therapeutic method used and the recipient tissue. TEOM, tissue-engineered oral mucosa; ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection.