TABLE 2.
Pre-clinical studies with oral mucosa.
| In vivo | ||||||
| Species | Cell type or component | Method | Donor tissue | Recipient tissue | Outcome | Reference(s) |
| Mouse | SCs | Injection | Deciduous teeth | Skin | Accelerated wound healing | Nishino et al., 2011 |
| Keratinocytes | Topical application | Human gingiva | Skin | Rapid re-epithelialisation | Kim et al., 2013 | |
| Fibroblasts | Injection | Buccal mucosa | Skin | Reduced scarring, lineage-dependent behaviour | Rinkevich et al., 2015 | |
| SC/progenitor cells | Salisphere cell transplantation | Human submandibular salivary gland | Mouse submandibular salivary gland | Rescue of saliva production | Pringle et al., 2016 | |
| Keratinocytes and fibroblasts | TEOM | Oral mucosa (non-specified) | Skin | Faster wound healing, reduced scarring | Roh et al., 2017 | |
| miRNA-31 mimic | Injection | Hard palate | Skin | Significant acceleration of wound closure | Chen et al., 2019 | |
| Keratinocytes and fibroblasts | TEOM | Human oral mucosa | Skin | Accelerated wound healing, reduced scarring | Lee et al., 2019 | |
| Exosomes | Injection | Human saliva | Skin | Efficient wound healing through promotion of angiogenesis | Mi et al., 2020 | |
| SCs | Injection | Oral mucosa (non-specified) | Skin | Accelerated wound healing | Kuperman et al., 2020 | |
| Rat | Keratinocytes | TEOM | Oral mucosa (non-specified) | Uterus | Highly effective against intrauterine adhesions | Kuramoto et al., 2015 |
| Keratinocytes and fibroblasts | pre-vascularized TEOM | Oral mucosa (non-specified) | Buccal mucosa | Accelerated and more efficient healing | Lee et al., 2017 | |
| Exosomes | Hydrogel topical application | Human gingival mesenchymal SCs | Skin | Promotion of re-epithelialisation, deposition and remodelling of ECM | Shi et al., 2017 | |
| Keratinocytes and fibroblasts | TEOM | Buccal mucosa | Skin | Accelerated wound healing, reduced scarring | Lee et al., 2018 | |
| Dental pulp SCs | Injection via tail vein | Upper and lower incisors | Oesophagus | Improved healing | Zhang et al., 2018 | |
| EGF, HA, bFGF and lysozyme | Biomimetic hydrogel | Commercial | Skin | Accelerated wound healing, reduced scarring | Kong et al., 2019 | |
| Mucosal tissue | Grafting | Tongue | Skin | Lower levels of EGF and VEGF-C | Qi et al., 2019 | |
| Exosomes | Topical application | Human buccal epithelial cell sheets | Skin | Significant acceleration of wound closure | Sjöqvist et al., 2019 | |
| Dog | Keratinocytes | TEOM | Buccal mucosa | Oesophagus | Complete faster wound healing, no stenosis | Ohki et al., 2006 |
| Keratinocytes and fibroblasts | TEOM | Oral mucosa (non-specified) | Oesophagus | Good distensibility and epithelial thickness, successful oesophageal replacement | Nakase et al., 2008 | |
| Keratinocytes | TEOM | Buccal mucosa | Oesophagus | Successful attachment and re-epithelisation | Takagi et al., 2010 | |
| Rabbit | Dental pulp SCs | TEOM | Human deciduous teeth | Eye | Corneal reconstruction | Gomes et al., 2010 |
| Keratinocytes | TEOM | Buccal mucosa | Urethra | Urethroplasty reconstruction | Yudintceva et al., 2020 | |
| Goat | Epithelial graft | Grafting | Oral mucosa (non-specified) | Trachea | Coverage of the constructed trachea lumen | Li et al., 2019 |
| Pig | Keratinocytes | Injection | Buccal mucosa | Oesophagus | Improved re-epithelisation, reduced risk of stenosis and contraction | Sakurai et al., 2007 |
| In vitro | ||||||
| Species | Cell type | Method | Donor tissue | Outcome | Reference(s) | |
| Human | Keratinocytes | TEOM | Gingiva | Fabrication of oral mucosal equivalent similar to the native tissue | Yoshizawa et al., 2004 | |
| Fibroblasts | Reprogramming | Buccal mucosa | Efficient reprogramming into induced pluripotent SCs | Miyoshi et al., 2010 | ||
| Keratinocytes | TEOM | Cryopreserved lip mucosa | Successful fabrication of oral mucosa equivalents | Xiong et al., 2010 | ||
| Fibroblasts | Low-level laser therapy | Cell line | Increased cell number and migration | Basso et al., 2012 | ||
| Keratinocytes | TEOM | Lip | Fabrication of 3D human lip skin equivalent | Peramo et al., 2012 | ||
| Keratinocytes | TEOM | Keratinised oral mucosa | Development of large TEOM | Kato et al., 2015 | ||
| Fibroblasts and immortalised OKF6/TERET-2 oral keratinocytes | TEOM | Gingiva | Development of 3D bone-oral mucosa model | Almela et al., 2016 | ||
| Fibroblasts | Feeder cells | Gingiva | Improved cell proliferation, promising candidate feeder cells | Yu et al., 2016 | ||
| Fibroblasts | In vitro differentiation, feeder cells | Oral mucosa (non-specified) | Fabrication of corneal epithelial sheets, multipotent differentiation into mesenchymal or neural crest-derived cells, good source of feeder cells | Higa et al., 2017 | ||
| Keratinocytes and fibroblasts | Scaffolds | Buccal mucosa | Tri-layer micro-nano-3D porous synthetic scaffold mimics normal human oral mucosa, minimal contraction, good mechanical properties | Simsek et al., 2018 | ||
| Keratinocytes and fibroblasts | TEOM | Gingiva | Development of 3D epithelium and lamina propria | Nishiyama et al., 2019 | ||
| Pig | Keratinocytes | TEOM | Buccal mucosa | Culture on acellular scaffolds | Poghosyan et al., 2013 | |
| Dog | Keratinocytes | TEOM | Buccal mucosa | Successful construction of TEOM with adipose derived SCs and small intestine submucosa | Zhang et al., 2021 | |
Comparison of the outcomes according to the animal species, the cell type or non-cell component, the method used and the recipient tissue. TEOM, tissue-engineered oral mucosa; EGF, epidermal growth factor; HA, hyaluronic acid; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; VEGF-C, vascular endothelial growth factor C.